rest_framework_django 学习笔记二（视图路由）

rest_framwork_django学习笔记一(序列化器)

一、rest framework 中Request 与 Response

1、Request

REST framework 传入视图的request对象不再是Django默认的HttpRequest对象，二是REST Famework 提供的扩展了 Http Request 类的Request 类的对象。

REST framework 提供了 Parser 解析器，在接受到请求后悔自藕丁工具Content-Type 指明的请求数据类型（如JSON、表单等）将请求数据就行parse 解析，解析为类字典对象保存到Request对象中。

Request对象的数据时自动工具前端发送的哪种格式的数据，我们都可以以统一的方式读取数据。

常用属性

1).data

request.data 返回解析之后的请求数据 类似于django中标准的 request.POST 和request.FILES属性，但提供如下特性：

• 包含了解析之后的文件和非文件数据；
• 包含了对POST，PUT，PATCH请求方式解析后的数据；
• 利用REST ftamework 的parsers 解析器，不仅支持表单类型数据，也支持JSON数据；

2）.query_params

request.query_params 与 django标准的 request.GET 相同，只是更换了更准确的名称而已。

2、Response

rest_framework.response.Response

REST framework 提供了一个响应类 Response，使用该类构造响应对象时，响应的具体数据内容会被转换（render渲染）成符合前端需求的类型。

REST framework 提供了 Renderer 渲染器，用来工具请求头中的 Accept （接收数据类型声明）来自自动转换响应数据到对应格式。如果前端请求中为进行 Accept 声明，则会采用默认方式处理响应数据，我们可以通过配置来修改默认响应格式。

# settings.py
# ================================================= #
# ***************** REST_FRAMEWORK **************** #
# ================================================= #
REST_FRAMEWORK = {"DATETIME_FORMAT": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # 日期时间格式配置"DATE_FORMAT": "%Y-%m-%d",'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': ['rest_framework.renderers.JONSRenderer',#json 渲染器'rest_framework.renderers,BrowsableAPIRenderer',# 浏览API渲染器],
}

构造方式

Response(data,status=None,template_name=None,headers=None,content_type=None)

data 数据不要是 render 处理之后的数据，只是传递 python 的内建类型数据即可，REST framework 会使用 renderer 渲染器处理 data .

data不能是复杂结构的数据，如 Django的模型对象，对于这样的数据我们可以使用 Serializer 序列化器序列化处理后（转为了python字典类型）再传递给 data 参数。

参数说明：

• data：为响应准备的序列化处理后的数据；
• status：状态吗，默认200；
• template_name：末班名称，如果使用HTMLRenderer 时需要指明；
• headers：用于存放响应头信息的字典；
• content_type:响应数据的Content_type，通常此参数无需传递，REST framework 会工具前端所需类型数据来设置该参数。

常用属性

1).data

传给 response 对象的序列化后，但尚未 render 处理的数据

2）.status_code

状态码的数字

3）.content

结果 render 处理后的响应数据

状态码

为了方便设置状态码 REST framework 在 rest_framework.status 模块中提供了常用状态码常量。

rest_framework.status

1)信息告知 - 1xx

HTTP_100_CONTINUE = 100
HTTP_101_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101
HTTP_102_PROCESSING = 102
HTTP_103_EARLY_HINTS = 103

2) 成功 - 2xx

HTTP_200_OK = 200
HTTP_201_CREATED = 201
HTTP_202_ACCEPTED = 202
HTTP_203_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203
HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT = 204
HTTP_205_RESET_CONTENT = 205
HTTP_206_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206
HTTP_207_MULTI_STATUS = 207
HTTP_208_ALREADY_REPORTED = 208
HTTP_226_IM_USED = 226

3)重定向 - 3xx

HTTP_300_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300
HTTP_301_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301
HTTP_302_FOUND = 302
HTTP_303_SEE_OTHER = 303
HTTP_304_NOT_MODIFIED = 304
HTTP_305_USE_PROXY = 305
HTTP_306_RESERVED = 306
HTTP_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307
HTTP_308_PERMANENT_REDIRECT = 308

4)客户端错误 - 4xx

HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST = 400
HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED = 401
HTTP_402_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402
HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN = 403
HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND = 404
HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405
HTTP_406_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406
HTTP_407_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407
HTTP_408_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408
HTTP_409_CONFLICT = 409
HTTP_410_GONE = 410
HTTP_411_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411
HTTP_412_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412
HTTP_413_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413
HTTP_414_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414
HTTP_415_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415
HTTP_416_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416
HTTP_417_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417
HTTP_418_IM_A_TEAPOT = 418
HTTP_421_MISDIRECTED_REQUEST = 421
HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY = 422
HTTP_423_LOCKED = 423
HTTP_424_FAILED_DEPENDENCY = 424
HTTP_425_TOO_EARLY = 425
HTTP_426_UPGRADE_REQUIRED = 426
HTTP_428_PRECONDITION_REQUIRED = 428
HTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS = 429
HTTP_431_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE = 431
HTTP_451_UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS = 451

5)服务端错误 - 5xx

HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500
HTTP_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501
HTTP_502_BAD_GATEWAY = 502
HTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503
HTTP_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504
HTTP_505_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505
HTTP_506_VARIANT_ALSO_NEGOTIATES = 506
HTTP_507_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE = 507
HTTP_508_LOOP_DETECTED = 508
HTTP_509_BANDWIDTH_LIMIT_EXCEEDED = 509
HTTP_510_NOT_EXTENDED = 510
HTTP_511_NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 511

自定义返回

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.response import Responseclass SuccessResponse(Response):"""标准响应成功的返回, SuccessResponse(data)或者SuccessResponse(data=data)(1)默认code返回2000, 不支持指定其他返回码"""def __init__(self, data=None, msg='success', status=None, template_name=None, headers=None, exception=False,content_type=None,page=1,limit=1,total=1):std_data = {"code": 2000,"data": {"page": page,"limit": limit,"total": total,"data": data},"msg": msg}super().__init__(std_data, status, template_name, headers, exception, content_type)class DetailResponse(Response):"""不包含分页信息的接口返回,主要用于单条数据查询(1)默认code返回2000, 不支持指定其他返回码"""def __init__(self, data=None, msg='success', status=None, template_name=None, headers=None, exception=False,content_type=None,):std_data = {"code": 2000,"data": data,"msg": msg}super().__init__(std_data, status, template_name, headers, exception, content_type)class ErrorResponse(Response):"""标准响应错误的返回,ErrorResponse(msg='xxx')(1)默认错误码返回400, 也可以指定其他返回码:ErrorResponse(code=xxx)"""def __init__(self, data=None, msg='error', code=400, status=None, template_name=None, headers=None,exception=False, content_type=None):std_data = {"code": code,"data": data,"msg": msg}super().__init__(std_data, status, template_name, headers, exception, content_type)

二、视图

1、两个基类

1.1 APIView

rest_framework.views.APIView

APIView 是 REST framework 提供的所有视图的基类，继承自django的 view 父类。

APIView 与 view 的不同之处在于：

• 传入到视图方法中的是REST framework 的 request 对象，而不是 django 的 HttpRequest 对象；
• 视图方法可以返回 REST framework 的 Response 对象，视图会响应数据设置（render）符合前端要求的格式；
• 任何 APIException 异常都会被捕获到，并且处理成合适的响应学习；
• 在进行 dispatch() 分发前，会对请求进行身份认证、权限检查、流量控制；

支持定义的属性：

• authentication_classes 列表或原则，身份认证类；
• permissoin_classes 列表或元祖，权限检查类；
• throttle_classes 列表或元祖，流量控制类；

在 APIView 中仍以常规的类视图定义方法来实现 get()\post() 或者其他请求方式的方法。

''' 序列化器 '''
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book, Publish, Author,AuthorDetail
class PublishSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):class Meta:model = Publishfields = '__all__'

''' urls.py '''
urlpatterns = [path('publish/',PublishListAPIView.as_view()),# 列表视图path('publish/<int:id>/',PublishDetaAPIView.as_view()),# 详情视图
]

1）查询列表

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from .serializers import *class PublishListAPIView(APIView):''' 列表视图 '''def get(self,request):''' 查询所有 '''publish_list = Publish.objects.filter()serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=publish_list, many=True)return Response(serializer.data)

2）增

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from .serializers import *
class PublishListAPIView(APIView):''' 列表视图 '''def get(self,request):''' 查询所有 '''publish_list = Publish.objects.filter()serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=publish_list, many=True)response = Response(data=serializer.data)return response# return Response(serializer.data)def post(self,request):''' 新增 '''# 1、获取前端传入的数据data = request.data# 2、创建序列化器进行反序列化serializer = PublishSerializer(data=data)# 3、调用序列化器 is_valid 方法进行校验serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)# 4、调用序列化器的save() 方法进行执行 create 方法serializer.save()# 5、响应return Response(serializer.data)

3）删

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from .serializers import *
from rest_framework import status
class PublishDetaAPIView(APIView):''' 详情列表 '''def delete(self,request,id):try:publish = Publish.objects.filter(pk=id).first()except Publish.DoesNotExist:return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)publish.delete()return Response(status=status.HTTP_200_OK)

4）改

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from .serializers import *
from rest_framework import statusclass PublishDetaAPIView(APIView):''' 详情列表 '''def put(self,request,id):''' 修改 '''# 1、查询修改内容publish_obj = Publish.objects.filter(pk=id).first()if not publish_obj:return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)# 2、获取前端出入的请求体数据data = request.data# 3、创建序列化器进行反序列化serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=publish_obj,data=data)# 4、校验serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)serializer.save()# 5、保存return Response(serializer.data)

增删查改代码全

''' urls.py'''
urlpatterns = [path('publish/',PublishListAPIView.as_view()),# 列表视图  增加、查询数据列表path('publish/<int:id>/',PublishDetaAPIView.as_view()),# 详情视图  删除、单一查询、修改
]

from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book, Publish, Author,AuthorDetail
class PublishSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):''' 序列化器 '''class Meta:model = Publishfields = '__all__'

from django.db import models
''' models.py '''
class Publish(models.Model):name = models.CharField(max_length=32)city = models.CharField(max_length=64)email = models.EmailField()class Meta:verbose_name = '出版社表'

# coding=utf-8
'''
@date：2023/11/20 13:37
@mail：xiaochun235@qq.com
@Content:
APIView 序列化器
'''
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from .serializers import *
from rest_framework import statusclass PublishListAPIView(APIView):''' 列表视图 '''def get(self,request):''' 查询所有 '''publish_list = Publish.objects.filter()serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=publish_list, many=True)response = Response(data=serializer.data)return response# return Response(serializer.data)def post(self,request):''' 新增 '''# 1、获取前端传入的数据data = request.data# 2、创建序列化器进行反序列化serializer = PublishSerializer(data=data)# 3、调用序列化器 is_valid 方法进行校验serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)# 4、调用序列化器的save() 方法进行执行 create 方法serializer.save()# 5、响应return Response(serializer.data)class PublishDetaAPIView(APIView):''' 详情列表 '''def get(self,request,id):''' 查询 pk  '''# 查询pkpublish_obj = Publish.objects.filter(pk = id).first();if not publish_obj:return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)# 将查询内容序列化serializer = PublishSerializer(instance = publish_obj)# 响应response = Response(data=serializer.data)return responsedef put(self,request,id):''' 修改 '''# 1、查询修改内容publish_obj = Publish.objects.filter(pk=id).first()if not publish_obj:return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)# 2、获取前端出入的请求体数据data = request.data# 3、创建序列化器进行反序列化serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=publish_obj,data=data)# 4、校验serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)serializer.save()# 5、保存return Response(serializer.data)def delete(self,request,id):''' 删除 '''try:publish = Publish.objects.filter(pk=id).first()except Publish.DoesNotExist:return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)publish.delete()return Response(status=status.HTTP_200_OK)

1.2 GenericAPIView

rest_framework.generics.GenericAPIView

继承自 APIVIew，主要增加了操作序列化器和数据查询的方法，作用是为了Mixin扩展类的执行提供方法支持，通常在使用时，可搭配一个或多个 Mixin扩展类；

提供的相关序列化器使用的属性与方法

属性：

• serializer_class 指明视图使用的序列化器

方法：

• get_serializer_class(self)

返回序列化器类，默认范湖 serializer_class，可以 重写。例如：

def get_serializer_class(self):if self.request.user.is_staff:return FullAccounSerializerreturn BasicAccountSerializer

• get_serializer(self,args,*Kwargs)

返回序列化器对象，主要用来提供给Mixin扩展类使用，如果我们在视图中想要获取序列化器对象也可以直接调用此方法。

注意，该方法在提供序列化器对象的时候，会向序列化器对象的 context属性补充三个数据：request、format、view，这三个数据对象可以在定义序列化器时使用。

• request 当前视图的请求对象
• view 当前请求的类视图对象
• format 当前请求期望返回的数据格式

提供的关于数据库查询的属性与方法

属性：

• queryser 指明使用的数据查询集

方法：

• get_queryset(self)

返回视图使用的查询集，主要用来提供给Mixin 扩展使用，是列表视图与相求视图获取数据的基础，默认返回 queryset 属性，可以重写，例如：

def  get_queryset(self):user = self.request.userreturn  user.accounts.all()

• get_object(self)

返回详情视图所需的模型类数据对象，主要用来提供给Mixin扩展类使用。

在视图中可以调用该方法获取详情学习的模型类对象。

若详情访问的模型类对象不存在，会返回404.

该方法默认使用 APIView 提供的check_object_permissions 方法检查当前对象是否有权限被访问。

from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from .serializers import *class PublishListGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,reqest):publish = self.get_queryset() # 获取所有数据serializer = self.get_serializer(publish,many=True)# 构造序列化器对象return Response(data=serializer.data)
class PublishDetaGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):''' 详情视图 '''# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,request,pk):''' 查询 单一'''publish = self.get_object()# 查询单一serializer = self.get_serializer(publish)return Response(data=serializer.data)

urls.py

from .generic_apiview_views import *
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/',PublishListGenericAPIView.as_view()),# 列表视图# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/<int:pk>/',PublishDetaGenericAPIView.as_view()),# 详情视图
]

其他扩展

• pagination_class 指明分页控制类
• filter_backends 指明过滤控制后端
• ordering_fields 指明过滤中的排序后端
• authentication_classes 指明认证后端
• permission_classes 指明权限后端

1）查询、修改、单个查询

from .generic_apiview_views import *
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/',PublishListGenericAPIView.as_view()),# 列表视图# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/<int:pk>/',PublishDetaGenericAPIView.as_view()),# 详情视图
]

from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from .serializers import *class PublishListGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,reqest):''''''publish = self.get_queryset() # 获取所有数据serializer = self.get_serializer(publish,many=True)# 构造序列化器对象return Response(data=serializer.data)class PublishDetaGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):''' 详情视图 '''# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,request,pk):''' 查询 单一'''publish = self.get_object()# 查询单一serializer = self.get_serializer(publish)return Response(data=serializer.data)def put(self,request,pk):publish = self.get_object()serializer = self.get_serializer(publish,request.data)serializer.is_valid(raise_exception = True)serializer.save()return Response(serializer.data)

2） 整合 Mixin 实现简单增删查改操作

from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin
from .serializers import *class PublishListGenericAPIView(ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,GenericAPIView):# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,request):''' 查询 '''return self.list(request=request)def post(self,request):''' 新增 '''return self.create(request)
class PublishDetaGenericAPIView(RetrieveModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,GenericAPIView):''' 详情视图 '''# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,request,pk):''' 查询 单一'''return self.retrieve(request,pk)def put(self,request,pk):''' 修改 '''return self.update(request,pk)def delete(self,request,pk):''' 删除 '''return self.destroy(request,pk)

3) 简化后的 GenericApiView增删查改

from .generic_apiview_views import *
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/',PublishListGenericAPIView.as_view()),# 列表视图# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/<int:pk>/',PublishDetaGenericAPIView.as_view()),# 详情视图
]

rest_framework.generics.ListAPIView # 列表查询
rest_framework.generics.CreateAPIView # 新增
rest_framework.generics.UpdateAPIView  # 修改
rest_framework.generics.DestroyAPIView  #删除 
rest_framework.generics.RetrieveAPIView # 查询一条数据
rest_framework.generics.ListCreateAPIView  # 列表查询 + 新增
rest_framework.generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView # 单个查询，修改，删除

from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView,\ListAPIView,\CreateAPIView,\UpdateAPIView,\DestroyAPIView,\RetrieveAPIView,\ListCreateAPIView,\RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView
from .serializers import *class PublishListGenericAPIView(ListCreateAPIView,GenericAPIView):# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()class PublishDetaGenericAPIView(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView,GenericAPIView):''' 详情视图 '''# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()

2、视图集ViewSet

2.1 ViewSet

使用视图集 ViewSet，可以将一系列逻辑相关的动作放到一个类中：

• list() 提供一组数据
• retrieve() 提供单个数据
• create() 创建数据
• update() 保存数据
• destory() 删除数据

ViewSet 视图集类不再实现 get()、post() 等方法，而是实现动作 action 如list()、create() 等。

视图集只在使用 as_view() 方法的时候，才会到 action 动作与具体请求方式对应上，如：

from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSet
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .serializers import PublishSerializer
from .models import *class PublishViewset(ViewSet):def list(self,request):objects_filter = Publish.objects.filter()serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=objects_filter,many=True)return Response(data=serializer.data)def add(self,request):''' 方法未实现 '''passdef delete(self,request,pk):''' 方法未实现 '''passdef get_by(self,request,pk):objects_filter = Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=objects_filter)return Response(data=serializer.data)def update(self,request,pk):''' 方法未实现 '''pass

在设置路由时，我们可以如下操作：

from .view_set_views import *
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'list','post':'add'})),# 列表视图# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/<int:pk>/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'get_by','delete':'delete','put':'update'})),# 详情视图
]

继承自 APIView 与ViewSetMixin ，作用也与APIView 基本类似，提供了身份认证、权限校验、流量管理等。

ViewSet 主要通过继承ViewSetMixin 来实现在调用 as_view() 时传入字典（如{‘get’:‘list’}）的映射处理工作。

在ViewSet中，没有提供如何动作 action 方法，需要我们自己实现 action 方法

2.2 GenericViewset

使用ViewSet 通常并不方便，因为list、retrieve、create、update、destory 等方法都需要自己编写、而这些方法与前面讲的 Mixin 扩展类提供的方法同名，所以我们可以通过继承 Mixin 扩展类来服用这些方法而无需自己编写，但是Mixin扩展类依赖于 GenericAPIView ，所以还需要继承 GenericAPIView.

GenericViewSet 就帮助我们完成了这样的继承工作，继承自 GenericAPIView 与 ViewSetMixin,在实现了调用as_view() 时传入字典（如{‘get’:‘list’}）的映射处理工作同时，还提供了 GenericAPIView 提供的基础方法，可以直接搭配Minxin 扩展类使用。

举例：

urls.py

from .view_set_views import *
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [# GenericViewSet 整合 mixinspath('publish/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),# 列表视图# GenericViewSet 整合 mixinspath('publish/<int:pk>/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'retrieve','delete':'destroy','put':'update'})),# 详情视图
]

''' 原始 GenericViewSet  配合 mixin  '''
from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSet,GenericViewSet,ReadOnlyModelViewSet
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin
from .serializers import PublishSerializer
from .models import *
class PublishViewset(GenericViewSet,ListModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin):''' 视图集 '''queryset = Publish.objects.all()serializer_class = PublishSerializer

2.3ReadOnlyModelViewSet

rest_framework.viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet

from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet,ReadOnlyModelViewSet,ModelViewSet
from .serializers import PublishSerializer
from .models import *
class PublishViewset(ReadOnlyModelViewSet,ModelViewSet):''' 视图集 '''queryset = Publish.objects.all()serializer_class = PublishSerializer

2.4ModelViewSet

rest_framework.viewsets.ModelViewSet

3、视图集中定义附加 action 动作

3.1 增加自定义方法

from .view_set_views import *
from django.urls import path
from .book_views import BookModelViewSet
urlpatterns = [path('book/', BookModelViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),  # 列表视图path('book/<int:pk>/', BookModelViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve', 'delete': 'destroy', 'put': 'update'})),# 详情视图path('book/get_book', BookModelViewSet.as_view({'get': 'get_book'})),  # 通过获取大于 多少钱的书path('book/<int:pk>/update_book_price', BookModelViewSet.as_view({'put': 'update_book_price'})),  # 修改书的价格
]

from django.db.models import Q
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from .serializers import BookSerializer
from .models import Book
from rest_framework.response import Response
class BookModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):queryset = Book.objects.all()serializer_class = BookSerializerdef get_book(self,request):''' 查询 price 大于data['price']的书 '''data = request.databook_qy = Q(price__gt=data['price'])book_list = Book.objects.filter(book_qy)  # 工具id获取最后一本书serializer = self.get_serializer(book_list,many=True)return Response(serializer.data)def update_book_price(self,request,pk):''' 修改某一本书的价格 '''book_object = self.get_object()book_object.price = request.data['price']book_object.save()serializer = self.get_serializer(book_object)return Response(serializer.data)

4、总结

4.1APIView

在APIView中的request直接叫 request；

django中的响应对象叫HttpResponse，而APIView中的叫Response；

APIView中新增了异常捕获；

在APIView中可以用序列化器；

''' urls.py '''
urlpatterns = [path('publish/',PublishListAPIView.as_view()),# 列表视图path('publish/<int:id>/',PublishDetaAPIView.as_view()),# 详情视图
]

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from .serializers import *
from rest_framework import status
class PublishListAPIView(APIView):''' 列表视图 '''def get(self,request):''' 查询所有 '''publish_list = Publish.objects.filter()serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=publish_list, many=True)response = Response(data=serializer.data)return response# return Response(serializer.data)def post(self,request):''' 新增 '''# 1、获取前端传入的数据data = request.data# 2、创建序列化器进行反序列化serializer = PublishSerializer(data=data)# 3、调用序列化器 is_valid 方法进行校验serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)# 4、调用序列化器的save() 方法进行执行 create 方法serializer.save()# 5、响应return Response(serializer.data)class PublishDetaAPIView(APIView):''' 详情列表 '''def get(self,request,id):''' 查询 pk  '''# 查询pkpublish_obj = Publish.objects.filter(pk = id).first();if not publish_obj:return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)# 将查询内容序列化serializer = PublishSerializer(instance = publish_obj)# 响应response = Response(data=serializer.data)return responsedef put(self,request,id):''' 修改 '''# 1、查询修改内容publish_obj = Publish.objects.filter(pk=id).first()if not publish_obj:return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)# 2、获取前端出入的请求体数据data = request.data# 3、创建序列化器进行反序列化serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=publish_obj,data=data)# 4、校验serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)serializer.save()# 5、保存return Response(serializer.data)def delete(self,request,id):''' 删除 '''try:publish = Publish.objects.filter(pk=id).first()except Publish.DoesNotExist:return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)publish.delete()return Response(status=status.HTTP_200_OK)

4.2GenericAPIView

GenericAPIView 继承的就是 APIView；

GenericAPIView 增加了分页和过滤功能；

''' urls.py '''
urlpatterns = [path('publish/',PublishListAPIView.as_view()),# 列表视图path('publish/<int:id>/',PublishDetaAPIView.as_view()),# 详情视图
]

from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from .serializers import *class PublishListGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,reqest):publish = self.get_queryset() # 获取所有数据serializer = self.get_serializer(publish,many=True)# 构造序列化器对象return Response(data=serializer.data)
class PublishDetaGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):''' 详情视图 '''# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,request,pk):''' 查询 单一'''publish = self.get_object()# 查询单一serializer = self.get_serializer(publish)return Response(data=serializer.data)

1) GenericAPIView + Minxin

''' urls.py '''
urlpatterns = [path('publish/',PublishListAPIView.as_view()),# 列表视图path('publish/<int:id>/',PublishDetaAPIView.as_view()),# 详情视图
]

from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin
from .serializers import *class PublishListGenericAPIView(ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,GenericAPIView):# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,request):''' 查询 '''return self.list(request=request)def post(self,request):''' 新增 '''return self.create(request)
class PublishDetaGenericAPIView(RetrieveModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,GenericAPIView):''' 详情视图 '''# 指定序列化器的 类serializer_class = PublishSerializer# 指定查询集 ’数据来源‘queryset = Publish.objects.all()def get(self,request,pk):''' 查询 单一'''return self.retrieve(request,pk)def put(self,request,pk):''' 修改 '''return self.update(request,pk)def delete(self,request,pk):''' 删除 '''return self.destroy(request,pk)

4.3 ViewSet

from .views import *
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [# 可以使用 路由器# ViewSetpath('publish/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'list','post':'add'})),# 列表视图# ViewSetpath('publish/<int:pk>/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'get_by','delete':'delete','put':'update'})),# 详情视图
]

from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSet
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .serializers import PublishSerializer
from .models import *class PublishViewset(ViewSet):def list(self,request):objects_filter = Publish.objects.filter()serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=objects_filter,many=True)return Response(data=serializer.data)def add(self,request):# 注意序列化器中 的第一个参数是 instance 第二个是 data，当没写时，默认从第一个开始serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)serializer.save()return Response(data=serializer.data)def delete(self,request,pk):''' 删除 '''publish = self.get_object()  # 查询单一publish.delete()return Response()def get_by(self,request,pk):objects_filter = Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()serializer = PublishSerializer(instance=objects_filter)return Response(data=serializer.data)def update(self,request,pk):get_object = self.get_object()serializer = self.get_serializer(get_object, request.data)serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)serializer.save()return Response(data=serializer.data)

4.4GenericViewSet

from .views import *
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [# 可以使用 路由器# ViewSet
path('publish/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),# 列表视图# ViewSet
path('publish/<int:pk>/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'retrieve','delete':'destroy','put':'update'})),# 详情视图
]

from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .serializers import PublishSerializer
from .models import *
class PublishViewset(GenericViewSet):queryset = Publish.objects.filter()serializer_class = PublishSerializerdef list(self,request):data_lis = self.get_queryset()serializer = self.get_serializer(data_lis, many=True)return Response(data=serializer.data)def retrieve(self,request,pk):''' 查询 单一'''publish = self.get_object()  # 查询单一serializer = self.get_serializer(publish)return Response(data=serializer.data)def destroy(self,request,pk):''' 删除 '''publish = self.get_object()  # 查询单一publish.delete()return Response()def update(self,request,pk):''' 修改 '''get_object = self.get_object()serializer = self.get_serializer(get_object, request.data)serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)serializer.save()return Response(data=serializer.data)def create(self,request):''' 新增 '''# 注意序列化器中 的第一个参数是 instance 第二个是 data，当没写时，默认从第一个开始serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)serializer.save()return Response(data=serializer.data)

1) GenericViewSet + Minxin

from .view_set_views import *
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [# 可以使用 路由器# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),# 列表视图# GenericAPIViewpath('publish/<int:pk>/',PublishViewset.as_view({'get':'retrieve','delete':'destroy','put':'update'})),# 详情视图
]

from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,\RetrieveModelMixin,\CreateModelMixin,\UpdateModelMixin,\DestroyModelMixin
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .serializers import PublishSerializer
from .models import *
class PublishViewset(GenericViewSet,ListModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin):# 由于 mixins 中 已经将重用的方法写了，不用在写 也可以自行重写。queryset = Publish.objects.filter()serializer_class = PublishSerializer

4.5 ModelViewSet

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from .serializers import PublishSerializer
from .models import *
class PublishViewset(ModelViewSet):''' ModelViewSet 已经继承了mixins中常用的内容 '''queryset = Publish.objects.filter()serializer_class = PublishSerializer

三、路由器

路由器只能配合视图一起使用

视图集：ViewSet、GenericViewSet 、ModelViewSet

rest_framework.routers.DefaultRouter

路由器只会生成默认的五个路由

其余的还需要自己手动加入

路由器使用方法：

from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter
urlpatterns = [] # 其他手动加入的路由内容
router = DefaultRouter()# 创建路由器
router.register('book',BookModelViewSet,basename='book')# 注册路由
urlpatterns += router.urls# 把生成好的路由拼接到urlpatterns中去

自定义增加的行为

@action(methods=[‘get’],detail=False)

action 中的参数

methods 表示的是 请求方式

detail 表示的是 路由生成方式；当detail=True 时会生成的url 则是 book/+ **PK/方法名/ ** 当 detail=False 时会生成 book/+ **方法名/ **

rest_framework.decorators.action

from django.db.models import Q
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework.decorators import action
from .serializers import BookSerializer
from .models import Book
from rest_framework.response import Response
class BookModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):queryset = Book.objects.all()serializer_class = BookSerializer# datail 为 False 表示路径名格式应该为：  books/get_book/@action(methods=['get'],detail=False)def get_book(self,request):''' 查询 price 大于data['price']的书 '''data = request.databook_qy = Q(price__gt=data['price'])book_list = Book.objects.filter(book_qy)  # 工具id获取最后一本书serializer = self.get_serializer(book_list,many=True)return Response(serializer.data)# datail 为 True 表示路径名格式应该为：  books/pk/update_book_price/@action(methods=['put'], detail=True)def update_book_price(self,request,pk):''' 修改某一本书的价格 '''book_object = self.get_object()book_object.price = request.data['price']book_object.save()serializer = self.get_serializer(book_object)return Response(serializer.data)

''' urls.py '''
from .book_views import BookModelViewSet
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter
urlpatterns = []
router = DefaultRouter()# 创建路由器
router.register('book',BookModelViewSet,basename='book')# 注册路由
urlpatterns += router.urls# 把生成好的路由拼接到urlpatterns中去

DefaultRouter

rest_framework.routers.DefaultRouter

SimpleRouter

rest_framework.routers.SimpleRouter

注意：

SinmpleRouter 和 DefaultRouter 只有一个区别，DefaultRouter 会多生成一个根路由

其他笔记

序列化器

视图路由

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