1. 驱动八位数码管循环点亮
1.1 数码管结构图
数码管有两种结构,共阴极和共阳极,ACX720板上的是共阳极数码管,低电平点亮。
1.2 三位数码管等效电路图
为了节约I/O接口,各个数码管的各段发光管被连在一起,通过sel端口选择要发光的数码管。
1.3 单个数码管发光的LUT(look up table)
2. 数码管显示与动态扫描逻辑建模
3. 数码管显示与动态扫描的Verilog实现
3.1 不完善的设计代码版本
1. 设计代码
该设计代码有两个地方需要修改
- 分频时钟的使用不合理,在fpga设计中,一定要避免使用计数器(寄存器)分频得到的信号来作为时钟再去驱动其他的寄存器;推荐使用使能时钟,不要使用门控时钟。
- 在fpga设计中,推荐多使用时序逻辑而非组合逻辑。对于case语句,我们要将其放在always语句块中,在每个时钟沿下发生数据的变换。
module hex8(clk,rstn,disp_data,sel,led
);parameter times = 25000; // 0.5msinput clk;input rstn;input [31:0]disp_data;output reg [7:0] sel;output reg [7:0] led;reg [15:0]div_cnt;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)div_cnt <= 0;else if(div_cnt >= times - 1)div_cnt <= 0;elsediv_cnt <= div_cnt + 1'd1;//分频时钟//用一个寄存器来模拟一个时钟去驱动其他寄存器会存在许多问题reg clk_lk;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)clk_lk <= 0;else if(div_cnt == times - 1)clk_lk <= ~clk_lk;//cnt累加器reg [2:0] num_cnt; always@(posedge clk_lk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)num_cnt <= 0;elsenum_cnt <= num_cnt + 1'd1;//三八译码器 always@(posedge clk_lk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)sel <= 0;else case(num_cnt)0:sel = 8'b0000_0001;1:sel = 8'b0000_0010;2:sel = 8'b0000_0100;3:sel = 8'b0000_1000;4:sel = 8'b0001_0000;5:sel = 8'b0010_0000;6:sel = 8'b0100_0000;7:sel = 8'b1000_0000;endcase//八选一多路器reg [3:0]disp_tmp;always@(*)case(num_cnt)0:disp_tmp = disp_data[3:0];1:disp_tmp = disp_data[7:4];2:disp_tmp = disp_data[11:8];3:disp_tmp = disp_data[15:12];4:disp_tmp = disp_data[19:16];5:disp_tmp = disp_data[23:20];6:disp_tmp = disp_data[27:24];7:disp_tmp = disp_data[31:28];endcase//四十六译码器 always@(*)case(disp_tmp)0:led = 8'hc0;1:led = 8'hf9;2:led = 8'ha4;3:led = 8'hb0;4:led = 8'h99;5:led = 8'h92;6:led = 8'h82;7:led = 8'hf8;8:led = 8'h80;9:led = 8'h90;4'ha:led = 8'h88;4'hb:led = 8'h83;4'hc:led = 8'hc6;4'hd:led = 8'ha1;4'he:led = 8'h86;4'hf:led = 8'h8e; default:led = 8'hc0;endcaseendmodule
2. 仿真波形
3.1 修改分频时钟和case语句后的设计代码
1. 设计代码
module hex8_2(clk,rstn,disp_data,sel,led
);parameter times = 50000; // 1msinput clk;input rstn;input [31:0]disp_data;output reg [7:0] sel;output reg [7:0] led;reg [15:0]div_cnt;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)div_cnt <= 0;else if(div_cnt >= times - 1)div_cnt <= 0;elsediv_cnt <= div_cnt + 1'd1;//使能时钟 reg clk_lk;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)clk_lk <= 0;else if(div_cnt == times - 1)clk_lk <= 1'd1;elseclk_lk <= 0;//cnt累加器reg [2:0] num_cnt; always@(posedge clk_lk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)num_cnt <= 0;else if(clk_lk == 1)num_cnt <= num_cnt + 1'd1;//三八译码器 always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)sel <= 0;else case(num_cnt)0:sel = 8'b0000_0001;1:sel = 8'b0000_0010;2:sel = 8'b0000_0100;3:sel = 8'b0000_1000;4:sel = 8'b0001_0000;5:sel = 8'b0010_0000;6:sel = 8'b0100_0000;7:sel = 8'b1000_0000;endcase//八选一多路器reg [3:0]disp_tmp;always@(posedge clk)case(num_cnt)0:disp_tmp = disp_data[3:0];1:disp_tmp = disp_data[7:4];2:disp_tmp = disp_data[11:8];3:disp_tmp = disp_data[15:12];4:disp_tmp = disp_data[19:16];5:disp_tmp = disp_data[23:20];6:disp_tmp = disp_data[27:24];7:disp_tmp = disp_data[31:28];endcase//四十六译码器 always@(posedge clk)case(disp_tmp)0:led = 8'hc0;1:led = 8'hf9;2:led = 8'ha4;3:led = 8'hb0;4:led = 8'h99;5:led = 8'h92;6:led = 8'h82;7:led = 8'hf8;8:led = 8'h80;9:led = 8'h90;4'ha:led = 8'h88;4'hb:led = 8'h83;4'hc:led = 8'hc6;4'hd:led = 8'ha1;4'he:led = 8'h86;4'hf:led = 8'h8e; default:led = 8'hc0;endcaseendmodule
2.仿真代码
module hex8_2(clk,rstn,disp_data,sel,led
);parameter times = 50000; // 1msinput clk;input rstn;input [31:0]disp_data;output reg [7:0] sel;output reg [7:0] led;reg [15:0]div_cnt;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)div_cnt <= 0;else if(div_cnt >= times - 1)div_cnt <= 0;elsediv_cnt <= div_cnt + 1'd1;//使能时钟 reg clk_lk;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)clk_lk <= 0;else if(div_cnt == times - 1)clk_lk <= 1'd1;elseclk_lk <= 0;//cnt累加器reg [2:0] num_cnt; always@(posedge clk_lk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)num_cnt <= 0;else if(clk_lk == 1)num_cnt <= num_cnt + 1'd1;//三八译码器 always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)sel <= 0;else case(num_cnt)0:sel = 8'b0000_0001;1:sel = 8'b0000_0010;2:sel = 8'b0000_0100;3:sel = 8'b0000_1000;4:sel = 8'b0001_0000;5:sel = 8'b0010_0000;6:sel = 8'b0100_0000;7:sel = 8'b1000_0000;endcase//八选一多路器reg [3:0]disp_tmp;always@(posedge clk)case(num_cnt)0:disp_tmp = disp_data[3:0];1:disp_tmp = disp_data[7:4];2:disp_tmp = disp_data[11:8];3:disp_tmp = disp_data[15:12];4:disp_tmp = disp_data[19:16];5:disp_tmp = disp_data[23:20];6:disp_tmp = disp_data[27:24];7:disp_tmp = disp_data[31:28];endcase//四十六译码器 always@(posedge clk)case(disp_tmp)0:led = 8'hc0;1:led = 8'hf9;2:led = 8'ha4;3:led = 8'hb0;4:led = 8'h99;5:led = 8'h92;6:led = 8'h82;7:led = 8'hf8;8:led = 8'h80;9:led = 8'h90;4'ha:led = 8'h88;4'hb:led = 8'h83;4'hc:led = 8'hc6;4'hd:led = 8'ha1;4'he:led = 8'h86;4'hf:led = 8'h8e; default:led = 8'hc0;endcaseendmodule
3.仿真波形
4. 使能时钟与门控时钟的原理和差异
1. 使能时钟和门控时钟
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使用门控时钟时:将一个D触发器的输出作为其他D触发器的时钟输入,忽略ENA。
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使用使能时钟时:D触发器的工作时钟仍为高质量的全局时钟,利用使能时钟使能D触发器。
2. 使用全局时钟的原因
- 全局时钟是一条“高速公路”,时钟信号到达各个寄存器的时间受连线距离影响比较小,而用寄存器产生的门控时钟,走的是内部连线,随着距离的延长,延迟增加明显,从而破环寄存器的建立保持时间。
- 使用寄存器传输时钟信号时,随着寄存器一级一级的传递,信号会出现波动,时钟信号的波形会越来越差(毛刺,波动等)
- 全局时钟有专门的晶体管来提高时钟的驱动能力,而寄存器产生的时钟会随着寄存器的传递,驱动能力越来越弱。