解数独,单词搜索,被围绕的区域。每题做详细思路梳理,配套Python&Java双语代码, 2024.03.07 可通过leetcode所有测试用例。
目录
37. 解数独
解题思路
完整代码
Python
Java
79. 单词搜索
解题思路
完整代码
Python
Java
130. 被围绕的区域
解题思路
完整代码
Python
Java
37. 解数独
编写一个程序,通过填充空格来解决数独问题。
数独的解法需 遵循如下规则:
- 数字
1-9
在每一行只能出现一次。- 数字
1-9
在每一列只能出现一次。- 数字
1-9
在每一个以粗实线分隔的3x3
宫内只能出现一次。(请参考示例图)数独部分空格内已填入了数字,空白格用
'.'
表示。示例 1:
输入:board = [["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]] 输出:[["5","3","4","6","7","8","9","1","2"],["6","7","2","1","9","5","3","4","8"],["1","9","8","3","4","2","5","6","7"],["8","5","9","7","6","1","4","2","3"],["4","2","6","8","5","3","7","9","1"],["7","1","3","9","2","4","8","5","6"],["9","6","1","5","3","7","2","8","4"],["2","8","7","4","1","9","6","3","5"],["3","4","5","2","8","6","1","7","9"]] 解释:输入的数独如上图所示,唯一有效的解决方案如下所示:
解题思路
解决数独问题通常可以使用回溯算法,这是一种深度优先搜索的策略,用于尝试填充数独的每个空格,直到找到有效解为止。算法的基本思想是:
- 从数独的第一个空格开始。
- 尝试在当前空格中填入1到9之间的任何一个数字。
- 检查当前填入的数字是否满足数独的规则(即该数字在当前行、列、以及3x3的宫内没有重复)。
- 如果当前数字有效,则递归地继续填写下一个空格。如果遇到某个空格没有有效数字可以填入,则回溯到上一个空格,更换上一个空格的数字,再次尝试。
- 重复上述过程,直到所有的空格都被正确填满,解决数独问题。
完整代码
Python
class Solution:def solveSudoku(self, board: List[List[str]]) -> None:"""Do not return anything, modify board in-place instead."""def isValid(row, col, ch):for i in range(9):if board[i][col] == ch or board[row][i] == ch: # 检查行和列return Falseif board[3 * (row // 3) + i // 3][3 * (col // 3) + i % 3] == ch: # 检查3x3的宫return Falsereturn Truedef backtrack(board):for i in range(9):for j in range(9):if board[i][j] != '.': # 跳过非空格continuefor k in range(1, 10):if isValid(i, j, str(k)):board[i][j] = str(k) # 做选择if backtrack(board): # 如果找到一种解决方案return Trueboard[i][j] = '.' # 撤销选择return False # 试遍了1-9都不行,返回Falsereturn True # 遍历完没有返回False,说明找到了解决方案backtrack(board)
Java
class Solution {public void solveSudoku(char[][] board) {solve(board);}private boolean solve(char[][] board) {for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {for (int j = 0; j < board[0].length; j++) {if (board[i][j] != '.') continue;for (char c = '1'; c <= '9'; c++) { // 尝试1到9if (isValid(board, i, j, c)) {board[i][j] = c; // 做选择if (solve(board)) return true; // 如果找到一种解决方案board[i][j] = '.'; // 撤销选择}}return false; // 试遍1-9都不行,返回false}}return true; // 找到解决方案}private boolean isValid(char[][] board, int row, int col, char c) {for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {if (board[i][col] == c) return false; // 检查列if (board[row][i] == c) return false; // 检查行if (board[3 * (row / 3) + i / 3][3 * (col / 3) + i % 3] == c) return false; // 检查3x3宫}return true;}
}
79. 单词搜索
给定一个
m x n
二维字符网格board
和一个字符串单词word
。如果word
存在于网格中,返回true
;否则,返回false
。单词必须按照字母顺序,通过相邻的单元格内的字母构成,其中“相邻”单元格是那些水平相邻或垂直相邻的单元格。同一个单元格内的字母不允许被重复使用。
示例 1:
输入:board = [["A","B","C","E"],["S","F","C","S"],["A","D","E","E"]], word = "ABCCED" 输出:true示例 2:
输入:board = [["A","B","C","E"],["S","F","C","S"],["A","D","E","E"]], word = "SEE" 输出:true示例 3:
输入:board = [["A","B","C","E"],["S","F","C","S"],["A","D","E","E"]], word = "ABCB" 输出:false提示:
m == board.length
n = board[i].length
1 <= m, n <= 6
1 <= word.length <= 15
board
和word
仅由大小写英文字母组成进阶:你可以使用搜索剪枝的技术来优化解决方案,使其在
board
更大的情况下可以更快解决问题?
解题思路
这个问题可以通过深度优先搜索(DFS)和回溯算法来解决。算法的基本思想是遍历二维网格的每一个格子,从每个格子开始,尝试所有可能的路径去匹配给定的单词。如果某条路径上的字符序列与单词匹配,则说明单词存在于网格中。为了确保同一个单元格内的字母不被重复使用,我们需要记录已经访问过的单元格位置,并在递归调用后撤销该记录(回溯)。搜索剪枝的技术可以用于优化解决方案,比如当当前路径上的字符序列与单词不匹配时,提前结束当前路径的搜索。
- 遍历二维网格的每个格子。
- 从当前格子开始,使用深度优先搜索遍历相邻的格子。
- 检查当前路径上的字符序列是否与单词匹配。
- 如果当前字符与单词中对应的字符不匹配,回溯。
- 如果路径上的所有字符都匹配且路径长度等于单词长度,返回
true
。
- 如果遍历了所有可能的路径都没有找到匹配的单词,返回
false
。
完整代码
Python
class Solution:def exist(self, board: List[List[str]], word: str) -> bool:if not board:return False# 深度优先搜索函数def dfs(board, i, j, word, index):# 判断当前位置是否越界或者字符是否不匹配if i < 0 or i >= len(board) or j < 0 or j >= len(board[0]) or board[i][j] != word[index]:return False# 如果当前字符是单词的最后一个字符,则找到匹配的路径if index == len(word) - 1:return True# 暂时标记当前单元格,防止重复访问temp, board[i][j] = board[i][j], '#'# 搜索四个方向found = dfs(board, i + 1, j, word, index + 1) or \dfs(board, i - 1, j, word, index + 1) or \dfs(board, i, j + 1, word, index + 1) or \dfs(board, i, j - 1, word, index + 1)# 回溯,恢复单元格的原始值board[i][j] = tempreturn found# 遍历整个网格for i in range(len(board)):for j in range(len(board[0])):if dfs(board, i, j, word, 0): # 从每个单元格开始尝试搜索return Truereturn False
Java
public class Solution {public boolean exist(char[][] board, String word) {for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {for (int j = 0; j < board[0].length; j++) {if (dfs(board, i, j, word, 0)) {return true;}}}return false;}private boolean dfs(char[][] board, int x, int y, String word, int index) {if (index == word.length()) {return true;}if (x < 0 || x >= board.length || y < 0 || y >= board[0].length || board[x][y] != word.charAt(index)) {return false;}char temp = board[x][y];board[x][y] = '/'; // 标记当前格子为已访问boolean found = dfs(board, x + 1, y, word, index + 1) || dfs(board, x - 1, y, word, index + 1) ||dfs(board, x, y + 1, word, index + 1) || dfs(board, x, y - 1, word, index + 1);board[x][y] = temp; // 回溯,撤销标记return found;}
}
130. 被围绕的区域
给你一个
m x n
的矩阵board
,由若干字符'X'
和'O'
,找到所有被'X'
围绕的区域,并将这些区域里所有的'O'
用'X'
填充。示例 1:
输入:board = [["X","X","X","X"],["X","O","O","X"],["X","X","O","X"],["X","O","X","X"]] 输出:[["X","X","X","X"],["X","X","X","X"],["X","X","X","X"],["X","O","X","X"]] 解释:被围绕的区间不会存在于边界上,换句话说,任何边界上的'O'
都不会被填充为'X'
。 任何不在边界上,或不与边界上的'O'
相连的'O'
最终都会被填充为'X'
。如果两个元素在水平或垂直方向相邻,则称它们是“相连”的。示例 2:
输入:board = [["X"]] 输出:[["X"]]提示:
m == board.length
n == board[i].length
1 <= m, n <= 200
board[i][j]
为'X'
或'O'
解题思路
从矩阵的边界开始,找到所有的'O'字符,并通过深度优先搜索(DFS)标记所有与这些边界'O'相连的内部'O'字符。这样,未被标记的'O'即为被'X'完全包围的区域,随后将它们填充为'X'。
-
边界探索:
- 首先,从矩阵的边界出发,找到所有位于边界上的 'O'。
- 对于每个边界上的 'O',使用深度优先搜索(DFS)或广度优先搜索(BFS)来探索与之相连的所有 'O'(即在水平或垂直方向上相邻的 'O')。
- 在探索过程中,将这些与边界上的 'O' 相连的 'O' 暂时标记为另一个字符(比如 'T'),以表示这些 'O' 不应该被填充为 'X',因为它们不是完全被 'X' 围绕的。
-
填充内部 'O':
- 遍历整个矩阵,将所有未标记的 'O'(即那些被 'X' 完全围绕的 'O')替换为 'X'。
-
恢复标记:
- 再次遍历矩阵,将步骤1中暂时标记为 'T' 的所有单元格恢复为 'O'。
通过以上步骤,所有被 'X' 完全围绕的 'O' 都会被填充为 'X',而与边界相连的 'O' 保持不变。
完整代码
Python
class Solution:def solve(self, board: List[List[str]]) -> None:if not board or not board[0]:returnrows, cols = len(board), len(board[0])def dfs(i, j):if 0 <= i < rows and 0 <= j < cols and board[i][j] == 'O':board[i][j] = 'M'dfs(i + 1, j)dfs(i - 1, j)dfs(i, j + 1)dfs(i, j - 1)for i in range(rows):dfs(i, 0)dfs(i, cols - 1)for j in range(cols):dfs(0, j)dfs(rows - 1, j)for i in range(rows):for j in range(cols):if board[i][j] == 'O':board[i][j] = 'X'elif board[i][j] == 'M':board[i][j] = 'O'
Java
public class Solution {public void solve(char[][] board) {if (board == null || board.length == 0 || board[0].length == 0) return;int rows = board.length, cols = board[0].length;for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {dfs(board, i, 0);dfs(board, i, cols - 1);}for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {dfs(board, 0, j);dfs(board, rows - 1, j);}for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {if (board[i][j] == 'O') board[i][j] = 'X';else if (board[i][j] == 'M') board[i][j] = 'O';}}}private void dfs(char[][] board, int i, int j) {int rows = board.length, cols = board[0].length;if (i < 0 || i >= rows || j < 0 || j >= cols || board[i][j] != 'O') return;board[i][j] = 'M';dfs(board, i + 1, j);dfs(board, i - 1, j);dfs(board, i, j + 1);dfs(board, i, j - 1);}
}