一起学算法（栈篇）-编程知识

1.栈的概念

1.栈的定义

栈是仅限在表尾进行插入和删除的线性表，栈又被称为先进后出的线性表，简称“LIFO”

我们这次用数组作为我们栈的底层数据结构，代码会放到结尾供大家参考使用

2.栈顶的定义

栈是一个线性表，我们允许插入和删除的一端称为栈顶

3.栈底的定义

和栈顶相对的另一端称为栈底，实际上栈底的元素我们不需要关心

4.栈的创建

    //数据容器private T[] data;//容积private int capacity;//实际存放的元素个数private int size;

2.入栈

1.入栈的定义

栈元素的插入操作叫做入栈，也可以称为进栈、压栈

2.动画演示

图中是以链表为底层数据结构的，大家看图了解个大概就可以了，具体可以看代码是怎么实现的

3.代码实现

  //在末尾添加元素public void addTail(T val) {//this.data[size]=val;this.add(this.size, val);}//在中间插入元素public void add(int index, T val) {if (index < 0 || index > size) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("index is invalid!");}//判断数组是否满if(this.size==this.capacity){//数组满的话扩容原来数组的两倍int newCapacity=this.capacity*2;T[] newDate=(T[]) new Object[newCapacity];//创建一个新的数组//进行数组迁移for (int i = 0; i < this.size; i++) {newDate[i]=this.data[i];}this.capacity=newCapacity;this.data=newDate;}

3.出栈

1.出栈的定义

栈元素的删除操作叫做出栈，也可称为弹栈

2.动画演示

3.代码演示

   //移出末尾public T removeTail() {
//        T val=this.data[size-1];
//        this.size-=1;
//        return val;return  this.remove(this.size);}//中部移出public T remove(int index) {if (index < 0 || index > size) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("index is invalid!");}T val = this.data[index];for (int i = index; i < this.size; i++) {this.data[i] = this.data[i+1];}this.size -= 1;if(this.size<=this.capacity/4&&this.capacity/2>1){int newCapacity=this.capacity/2;T[] newDate=(T[])new Object[newCapacity];for (int i = 0; i < this.size; i++) {newDate[i]=this.data[i];}this.capacity=newCapacity;this.data=newDate;}

4.查询栈顶

1.获取栈顶的定义

一般我们可以去查看栈顶的元素是什么

2.动画演示

3.代码演示

public T peek(T val) {return data.getEnByIndex(this.size() - 1);}//获得指定索引的元素public T getEnByIndex(int index) {if (index < 0 || index > size) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("index is invalid!");}return this.data[index];}

基本的栈能用到的就这些基本的方法，接下来给大家一个完整的代码，供大家学习参考

public class StackDemo<T> implements Stack<T> {//以我们封装的数组作为栈的底层数据结构private  arrSub<T>data;public StackDemo() {data=new arrSub<>();}public StackDemo(int capacity) {data=new arrSub<>(capacity);}@Override//弹栈public T pop() {return data.removeTail();}@Override//往栈中添加元素public void push(T val) {data.addTail(val);}@Override//查看元素个数public int size() {return data.getSize();//获得数组元素个数}@Override//判断是否为空public boolean isEmpty() {return data.isEmpty();}@Override//查看栈顶元素public T peek(T val) {return data.getEnByIndex(this.size() - 1);}@Overridepublic T peek() {return null;}@Overridepublic String toString() {StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("栈顶[");T[] arr = data.getData();for (int i = size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {sb.append(arr[i]);if (i != 0) {sb.append(",");}}sb.append("]栈底");return sb.toString();}public static void main(String[] args) {Stack<String> stack = new StackDemo<>(10);String[] fruits= {"apple", "banana", "peach", "watermelon", "strawberry", "pear", "orange", "grape"};for (int i = 0; i < fruits.length; i++) {stack.push(fruits[i]);}System.out.println(stack);while (!stack.isEmpty()) {System.out.println("ele-->" + stack.pop());System.out.println(stack + "栈中元素的个数：" + stack.size());}}
}

public class arrSub<T> {//数据容器private T[] data;//容积private int capacity;//实际存放的元素个数private int size;public arrSub(int capacity) {this.capacity = capacity;this.data = (T[]) new Object[this.capacity];this.size = 0;}public arrSub() {this.capacity = 10;}// 判断数据容器是否为空public boolean isEmpty() {return this.size == 0;}public T[] getData(){return  this.data;}//获得数组的容积public int getCapacity() {return this.capacity;}//获取元素的个数public int getSize() {return this.size;}//首行添加元素public void addTop(T val) {
//        for (int i = size-1; i >=0 ; i--) {
//            this.data[i+1]=this.data[i];
//        }
//        this.data[0]=val;this.add(0, val);}//在末尾添加元素public void addTail(T val) {//this.data[size]=val;this.add(this.size, val);}//在中间插入元素public void add(int index, T val) {if (index < 0 || index > size) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("index is invalid!");}//判断数组是否满if(this.size==this.capacity){//数组满的话扩容原来数组的两倍int newCapacity=this.capacity*2;T[] newDate=(T[]) new Object[newCapacity];//创建一个新的数组//进行数组迁移for (int i = 0; i < this.size; i++) {newDate[i]=this.data[i];}this.capacity=newCapacity;this.data=newDate;}for (int i = this.size - 1; i >= index; i--) {this.data[i + 1] = this.data[i];}this.data[index] = val;this.size += 1;}//获得指定索引的元素public T getEnByIndex(int index) {if (index < 0 || index > size) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("index is invalid!");}return this.data[index];}//获得指定元素的索引public int getEnByVal(int index, T val) {if (index < 0 || index > size) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("index is invalid!");}for (int i = 0; i < this.size; i++) {if (this.data[i] == val) {return i;}}return -1;}//判断是否包含某种布局public boolean contains(T val) {for (int i = 0; i < this.size; i++) {if (this.data[i] == val) {return true;}}return false;}//修改指定索引的元素public void upLoad(T var, int index) {if (index < 0 || index > this.size) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("index is invalid!");}this.data[index] = var;}//重写toString的方法@Overridepublic String toString() {StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(10);for (int i = 0; i < this.size; i++) {stringBuilder.append(this.data[i] + ",");}return stringBuilder.substring(0, stringBuilder.lastIndexOf(",") == -1 ? 0 : stringBuilder.lastIndexOf(","));}//移出末尾public T removeTail() {
//        T val=this.data[size-1];
//        this.size-=1;
//        return val;return  this.remove(this.size);}//移出首部public T removeTop() {
//        T val=this.data[0];
//        for (int i = 1; i <this.size; i++) {
//            this.data[i-1]=this.data[i];
//        }
//        this.size-=1;
//        return val;return  this.remove(0);}//中部移出public T remove(int index) {if (index < 0 || index > size) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("index is invalid!");}T val = this.data[index];for (int i = index; i < this.size; i++) {this.data[i] = this.data[i+1];}this.size -= 1;if(this.size<=this.capacity/4&&this.capacity/2>1){int newCapacity=this.capacity/2;T[] newDate=(T[])new Object[newCapacity];for (int i = 0; i < this.size; i++) {newDate[i]=this.data[i];}this.capacity=newCapacity;this.data=newDate;}return val;}public static void main(String[] args) {arrSub myArr = new arrSub(50);for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {myArr.addTail(i + 10);}System.out.println(myArr);
//        System.out.println("20?" + myArr.contains(20));
//        System.out.println("50?" + myArr.contains(50));while (!myArr.isEmpty()) {myArr.removeTail();System.out.println(myArr);}}

leetcode题单：

从尾到头打印链表

    public int[] reversePrint(ListNode head) {LinkedList<Integer> stack = new LinkedList<Integer>();while(head != null) {stack.addLast(head.val);head = head.next;}int[] res = new int[stack.size()];for(int i = 0; i < res.length; i++)res[i] = stack.removeLast();return res;}

括号的最大嵌套深度

   public int maxDepth(String s) {int ans = 0, size = 0;for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); ++i) {char ch = s.charAt(i);if (ch == '(') {++size;ans = Math.max(ans, size);} else if (ch == ')') {--size;}}return ans;}

回文链表

public boolean isPalindrome(ListNode head) {if(head==null){return false;}StringBuilder s1=new StringBuilder();StringBuilder s2=new StringBuilder();while(head!=null){s1.append(head.val);s2.append(head.val);head=head.next;}s2.reverse();return s1.toString().equals(s2.toString());}

这里以数组为底层结构的队列代码供大家参考

import java.util.Optional;public class ArrQueue<T> implements Queue<T> {// 队列的容器CycleArray<T> data;// 构造函数public ArrQueue() {data = new CycleArray<>();}public ArrQueue(int capacity) {this.data = new CycleArray<>(capacity);}@Overridepublic void offer(T ele) {data.addTail(ele);}@Overridepublic T poll() {return data.removeHead();}@Overridepublic int size() {return data.getSize();}@Overridepublic boolean isEmpty() {return data.isEmpty();}@Overridepublic T peek() {Optional<T> optional = data.getFront();if (optional.isPresent()) {return optional.get();}return null;}@Overridepublic String toString() {return data.toString();}
}

import java.util.Optional;/*解决了队列删除时的时间复杂度O(n),循环队列删除时的时间复杂度为O(1)* 假设有两个索引,front-->始终指该数组的第一个元素  tail-->始终指向元素插入位置* 如果front==tail时,该循环数组为空* 如果(tail+1)%capacity=front时,该数组为满状态** */
/*** 循环队列的底层容器*/
public class CycleArray<T> {// 数据容器private T[] data;// 容积private int capacity;// 实际存放元素的个数private int size;// 声明两个索引  front--队首 tail--队尾int front = 0;int tail = 0;// front === tail  队列是空的  (tail+1)/capacity == front  队列是满的public CycleArray() {this(10);}public CycleArray(int capacity) {this.capacity = capacity + 1;//因为要浪费一个空间,所以在这里要多加一个空间this.data = (T[]) new Object[this.capacity];// 浪费一个空间this.size = 0;}public T[] getData() {return this.data;}// 1、队列是否为空public boolean isEmpty() {return this.front == this.tail;}// 2、获取数组的容积public int getCapacity() {return this.capacity;}//3、获取实际存放元素的个数public int getSize() {return this.size;}// 在队列的尾部添加元素（tail指向待插入元素的位置）public void addTail(T val) {// 当队列已满，要进行扩容if ((this.tail + 1) % this.capacity == this.front) {// 新的容积int newCapacity = 2 * (this.capacity - 1);resize(newCapacity);}// 将val插入到队列的尾部this.data[this.tail] = val;// tail向后移动this.tail = (this.tail + 1) % capacity;// 更新size的值this.size += 1;}private void resize(int newCapacity) {T[] newData = (T[]) new Object[newCapacity + 1];// 迁移数据 this.frontint cur = this.front;int index = 0;while (cur != this.tail) {newData[index++] = this.data[cur];cur = (cur + 1) % this.capacity;}// 修改属性this.capacity = newCapacity + 1;this.data = newData;this.front = 0;this.tail = this.size;}@Overridepublic String toString() {StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();int cur = this.front;while (cur != this.tail) {sb.append(this.data[cur]);if ((cur + 1) % this.capacity != this.tail) {sb.append(",");}cur = (cur + 1) % this.capacity;}sb.append("[" + this.front + "<-->" + this.tail + "]");return sb.toString();}//从队列中移除元素public T removeHead() {// 1、队列是否为空if (this.front == this.tail) {return null;}T val = this.data[this.front];this.front = (this.front + 1) % this.capacity;this.size--;// 缩容if (this.size <= this.capacity / 4 && this.capacity / 2 > 1) {resize(this.capacity / 2);}return val;}public Optional<T> getFront() {if (isEmpty()) {return Optional.empty();}return Optional.of(this.data[this.front]);}//     测试public static void main(String[] args) {CycleArray<Integer> myArr = new CycleArray<>(5);for (int i = 1; i <= 15; i++) {myArr.addTail(i + 25);System.out.println("添加：" + myArr);if (i % 3 == 0) {int val = myArr.removeHead();System.out.println("删除： Header是：" + val);}}}