实验任务1:
Button.hpp,Window.hpp,task1.cpp,源码,运行测试结果如下
#pragma once#include <iostream> #include <string>using std::string; using std::cout;// 按钮类 class Button { public:Button(const string &text);string get_label() const;void click();private:string label; };Button::Button(const string &text): label{text} { }inline string Button::get_label() const {return label; }void Button::click() {cout << "Button '" << label << "' clicked\n"; }
#pragma once #include "button.hpp" #include <vector> #include <iostream>using std::vector; using std::cout; using std::endl;// 窗口类 class Window{ public:Window(const string &win_title);void display() const;void close();void add_button(const string &label);private:string title;vector<Button> buttons; };Window::Window(const string &win_title): title{win_title} {buttons.push_back(Button("close")); }inline void Window::display() const {string s(40, '*');cout << s << endl;cout << "window title: " << title << endl;cout << "It has " << buttons.size() << " buttons: " << endl;for(const auto &i: buttons)cout << i.get_label() << " button" << endl;cout << s << endl; }void Window::close() {cout << "close window '" << title << "'" << endl;buttons.at(0).click(); }void Window::add_button(const string &label) {buttons.push_back(Button(label)); }
#include "window.hpp" #include <iostream>using std::cout; using std::cin;void test() {Window w1("new window");w1.add_button("maximize");w1.display();w1.close(); }int main() {cout << "用组合类模拟简单GUI:\n";test(); }
问题1:
定义了Button和Window两个类;使用到标准库中的string,vector;sting定义了Button中label且在Window中有输出,vector定义了Window中的Buttons,是一个string的vector
问题2:
click()和close()都没必要加const,因为其没有参数传入;它们也没必要加inline,因为只在开头和结尾使用一次。
问题3:
使用string构造一个字符串,第一个参数是字符串长度int,第二个参数是每个位置应填充的字符;代码将创造含四十个连续*的字符串
实验任务2:
task2.cpp,源码,运行测试结果如下
#include <iostream> #include <vector>using namespace std;void output1(const vector<int> &v) {for(auto &i: v)cout << i << ", ";cout << "\b\b \n"; }void output2(const vector<vector<int>> v) {for(auto &i: v) {for(auto &j: i)cout << j << ", ";cout << "\b\b \n";} }void test1() {vector<int> v1(5, 42);const vector<int> v2(v1);v1.at(0) = -999;cout << "v1: "; output1(v1);cout << "v2: "; output1(v2);cout << "v1.at(0) = " << v1.at(0) << endl;cout << "v2.at(0) = " << v2.at(0) << endl; }void test2() {vector<vector<int>> v1{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6, 7}};const vector<vector<int>> v2(v1);v1.at(0).push_back(-999);cout << "v1: \n"; output2(v1);cout << "v2: \n"; output2(v2);vector<int> t1 = v1.at(0);cout << t1.at(t1.size()-1) << endl;const vector<int> t2 = v2.at(0);cout << t2.at(t2.size()-1) << endl; }int main() {cout << " 1:\n";test1();cout << "\n 2:\n";test2(); }
问题1:
vector<int>v1(5, 42);创造名为v1的一维向量,用五个42填充,const vector<int>v2(v1);创造一个名为v2的一维向量,用v2初始化它,有const修饰不可修改,v1.at(0) = -999;用at成员函数访问v1的第一个元素并将它改为-999
问题2:
vector<vector<int>>v1{ {1,2,3},{4,5,6,7} };创造一个名为v1的二维向量,它包含两个一维向量,分别是{1,2,3}和{4,5,6,7},const vector<vector<int>>v2(v1);创造一个名为v2的二维向量,用v1初始化它,用const修饰不可修改,v1.at(0).push_back(-999);用at成员函数访问v1的第一个一维向量,并向末尾添加-999
#pragma once#include <iostream> #include <cassert>using std::cout; using std::endl;// 动态int数组对象类 class vectorInt{ public:vectorInt(int n);vectorInt(int n, int value);vectorInt(const vectorInt &vi);~vectorInt();int& at(int index);const int& at(int index) const;vectorInt& assign(const vectorInt &v);int get_size() const;private:int size;int *ptr; // ptr指向包含size个int的数组 };vectorInt::vectorInt(int n): size{n}, ptr{new int[size]} { }vectorInt::vectorInt(int n, int value): size{n}, ptr{new int[size]} {for(auto i = 0; i < size; ++i)ptr[i] = value; }vectorInt::vectorInt(const vectorInt &vi): size{vi.size}, ptr{new int[size]} {for(auto i = 0; i < size; ++i)ptr[i] = vi.ptr[i]; }vectorInt::~vectorInt() {delete [] ptr; }const int& vectorInt::at(int index) const {assert(index >= 0 && index < size);return ptr[index]; }int& vectorInt::at(int index) {assert(index >= 0 && index < size);return ptr[index]; }vectorInt& vectorInt::assign(const vectorInt &v) { delete[] ptr; // 释放对象中ptr原来指向的资源 size = v.size;ptr = new int[size];for(int i = 0; i < size; ++i)ptr[i] = v.ptr[i];return *this; }int vectorInt::get_size() const {return size; }
#include "vectorInt.hpp" #include <iostream>using std::cin; using std::cout;void output(const vectorInt &vi) {for(auto i = 0; i < vi.get_size(); ++i)cout << vi.at(i) << ", ";cout << "\b\b \n"; }void test1() {int n;cout << "Enter n: ";cin >> n;vectorInt x1(n);for(auto i = 0; i < n; ++i)x1.at(i) = i*i;cout << "x1: "; output(x1);vectorInt x2(n, 42);vectorInt x3(x2);x2.at(0) = -999;cout << "x2: "; output(x2);cout << "x3: "; output(x3); }void test2() {const vectorInt x(5, 42);vectorInt y(10, 0);cout << "y: "; output(y);y.assign(x);cout << "y: "; output(y);cout << "x.at(0) = " << x.at(0) << endl;cout << "y.at(0) = " << y.at(0) << endl; }int main() {cout << "测试1: \n";test1();cout << "\n测试2: \n";test2(); }
问题1:
深复制,因为释放了原有资源并且分配了新内存
问题2:
不能。
如果去掉第一个const
,那么返回的引用将不再是对常量的引用,调用者可以通过这个引用来修改整数值。这可能会破坏类的封装性,特别是如果这个函数返回的是类的内部数据结构的直接引用的话。如果去掉第二个const
,那么该函数将不再是一个常量成员函数,它将能够修改调用它的对象的状态。这可能会导致在不应该修改对象状态的情况下意外地修改了对象,从而引入难以追踪的错误。
问题3:
不可以?运行结果没有出错,但是返回对象会带来不必要的复制,而且如果错误返回对象的引用会导致未定义行为
实验任务4:
Matrix.hpp,task4.cpp,源码,运行测试结果如下
#pragma once#include <iostream> #include <cassert>using std::cout; using std::endl;// 类Matrix的声明 class Matrix { public:Matrix(int n, int m); // 构造函数,构造一个n*m的矩阵, 初始值为valueMatrix(int n); // 构造函数,构造一个n*n的矩阵, 初始值为valueMatrix(const Matrix &x); // 复制构造函数, 使用已有的矩阵X构造~Matrix();void set(const double *pvalue); // 用pvalue指向的连续内存块数据按行为矩阵赋值void clear(); // 把矩阵对象的值置0const double& at(int i, int j) const; // 返回矩阵对象索引(i,j)的元素const引用double& at(int i, int j); // 返回矩阵对象索引(i,j)的元素引用int get_lines() const; // 返回矩阵对象行数int get_cols() const; // 返回矩阵对象列数void display() const; // 按行显示矩阵对象元素值private:int lines; // 矩阵对象内元素行数int cols; // 矩阵对象内元素列数double *ptr; };
#include "matrix.hpp" #include <iostream> #include <cassert>using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl;const int N = 1000;// 输出矩阵对象索引为index所在行的所有元素 void output(const Matrix &m, int index) {assert(index >= 0 && index < m.get_lines());for(auto j = 0; j < m.get_cols(); ++j)cout << m.at(index, j) << ", ";cout << "\b\b \n"; }void test1() {double x[1000] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};int n, m;cout << "Enter n and m: ";cin >> n >> m;Matrix m1(n, m); // 创建矩阵对象m1, 大小n×mm1.set(x); // 用一维数组x的值按行为矩阵m1赋值 Matrix m2(m, n); // 创建矩阵对象m1, 大小m×nm2.set(x); // 用一维数组x的值按行为矩阵m1赋值 Matrix m3(2); // 创建一个2×2矩阵对象m3.set(x); // 用一维数组x的值按行为矩阵m4赋值 cout << "矩阵对象m1: \n"; m1.display(); cout << endl;cout << "矩阵对象m2: \n"; m2.display(); cout << endl;cout << "矩阵对象m3: \n"; m3.display(); cout << endl; }void test2() {Matrix m1(2, 3);m1.clear();const Matrix m2(m1);m1.at(0, 0) = -999;cout << "m1.at(0, 0) = " << m1.at(0, 0) << endl;cout << "m2.at(0, 0) = " << m2.at(0, 0) << endl;cout << "矩阵对象m1第0行: "; output(m1, 0);cout << "矩阵对象m2第0行: "; output(m2, 0); }int main() {cout << "测试1: \n";test1();cout << "测试2: \n";test2(); }
实验任务5:
user.hpp,task5.cpp,源码,运行测试结果如下
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<string>using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::vector; using std::string;class User{ public:User(string n,string p="123456",string e="NULL");void set_email();void change_password();void display() const;private:string name;string password;string email;};User::User(string n,string p,string e){name=n;password=p;email=e; }void User::set_email(){string em;cout<<"Enter email address:";while(cin>>em){int count=0;for(int i=0;i<em.size();i++){if(em[i]=='@'){count++;}}if(count){email=em;cout<<"email is set successfully..."<<endl;break;}else{cout<<"illegal email.Please re-enter email:";}}}void User::change_password(){string oe,ne;int count=0;cout<<"Enter old password:";cin>>oe;for(int i=0;i<3;i++){if(oe==password){cout<<"Enter new password:";cin>>ne;email=ne;cout<<"new password is set succesfully"<<endl;break;}else{count++;if(count==3){cout<<"password input error.Please try after a while."<<endl;break;}cout<<"password input error.Please re-enter again:";cin>>oe;}}}void User::display() const{cout<<"name:"<<name<<endl;int i=password.size();for(int j=0;j<i;j++){cout<<"*";}cout<<endl;cout<<"email:"<<email<<endl; }
#include "user.hpp" #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string>using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::vector; using std::string;void test() {vector<User> user_lst;User u1("Alice", "2024113", "Alice@hotmail.com");user_lst.push_back(u1);cout << endl;User u2("Bob");u2.set_email();u2.change_password();user_lst.push_back(u2);cout << endl;User u3("Hellen");u3.set_email();u3.change_password();user_lst.push_back(u3);cout << endl;cout << "There are " << user_lst.size() << " users. they are: " << endl;for(auto &i: user_lst) {i.display();cout << endl;} }int main() {test(); }
实验任务6:
data.hpp,account.cpp,task6.cpp,源码,运行测试结果如下
#pragma once #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> using namespace std;class Date {private:int year; int month;int day;int totalDays; public: Date(int year, int month, int day); int getYear() const { return year; }int getMonth() const { return month; } int getDay() const { return day; }int getMaxDay() const; bool isLeapYear() const {return year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0;}void show() const;int distance(const Date& date) const {return totalDays - date.totalDays;}};namespace {const int DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[] = { 0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334, 365 }; }Date::Date(int year, int month, int day) : year(year), month(month), day(day) {if (day <= 0 || day > getMaxDay()) {cout << "Invalid date: ";show();cout << endl;exit(1);}int years = year - 1;totalDays = years * 365 + years / 4 - years / 100 + years / 400 +DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month - 1] + day;if (isLeapYear() && month > 2) totalDays++;}int Date::getMaxDay() const {if (isLeapYear() && month == 2)return 29;elsereturn DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month] - DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month - 1];}void Date::show() const {cout << getYear() << "-" << getMonth() << "-" << getDay();}date.hpp
#pragma once #include "date.hpp" #include <string> #include <cmath> #include <iostream> using namespace std;class SavingsAccount { private: string id;double balance; double rate;Date lastDate;double accumulation;static double total;void record(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc);void error(const string& msg) const;double accumulate(const Date& date) const {return accumulation + balance * date.distance(lastDate);}public:SavingsAccount(const Date& date, const string& id, double rate);const string& getId() const { return id; }double getRate() const { return rate; }static double getTotal() { return total; }void deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc);void withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc);void settle(const Date& date);void show() const;};double SavingsAccount::total = 0;SavingsAccount::SavingsAccount(const Date& date, const string& id, double rate) :id(id), balance(0), rate(rate), lastDate(date), accumulation(0) {date.show();cout << "\t#" << id << " created" << endl;}date, double amount, const string& desc) {accumulation = accumulate(date);lastDate = date;amount = floor(amount * 100 + 0.5) / 100;balance += amount;total += amount;date.show();cout << "\t#" << id << "\t" << amount << "\t" << balance << "\t" << desc << endl;}void SavingsAccount::error(const string& msg) const {cout << "Error(#" << id << "):" << msg << endl;}void SavingsAccount::deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) {record(date, amount, desc);}void SavingsAccount::withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) {if (amount > getBalance())error("not enough money");elserecord(date, -amount, desc);}void SavingsAccount::settle(const Date& date) {double interest = accumulate(date) * rate / date.distance(Date(date.getYear() - 1, 1, 1));if (interest != 0) record(date, interest, "interest");accumulation = 0;}void SavingsAccount::show() const { cout << id << "\tBalance: " << balance;}
#include "account.hpp" #include <iostream> using namespace std;int main() { Date date{ 2008, 11, 1 };SavingsAccount accounts[] = {SavingsAccount(date, "03755217", 0.015),SavingsAccount(date, "02342342", 0.015)};const int n = sizeof(accounts) / sizeof(SavingsAccount);accounts[0].deposit(Date(2008, 11, 5), 5000, "salary");accounts[1].deposit(Date(2008, 11, 25), 10000, "sell stock 0323");accounts[0].deposit(Date(2008, 12, 5), 5500, "salary");accounts[1].withdraw(Date(2008, 12, 20), 4000, "buy a laptop");cout << endl;for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {accounts[i].settle(Date(2009, 1, 1));accounts[i].show();cout << endl;}cout << "Total: " << SavingsAccount::getTotal() << endl;return 0; }task6.cpp