Qt 是目前C++语言首选的框架库。之所以称为框架库而不单单是GUI库,是因为Qt提供了远远超过GUI的功能封装,即使不使用GUI的后台服务,也可以用Qt大大提高跨平台的能力。
仅就界面来说,Qt 保持各个平台绘图等效果的统一,并不是对windows标准控件或者GTK等控件库的简单封装,而是完全从像素级别实现了GUI渲染。这一点和MFC等库有本质的区别。今天,就借着Qt 6.6的源码,看看widgets是如何绘制一个按钮的。
1. 从windows API找起
由于不想重新编译一个 debug 版本的 Qt 来跟踪其 Callstack,我们直接用 QtCreator打开QtBase的CMakeList.txt,静态的进行分析。
静态分析代码,可以从最顶层开始,也可以从最底层。还可以利用 doxygen等工具,分析调用关系。我们这次从最底层开始,即看看Qt为了绘图,到底调用了哪些windows API。
首先搜索GDI的一些典型绘制API,比如划线等等,但没有找到切入点。直到搜索 BitBlt这个API,即贴图,终于发现了调用的位置:
void QWindowsBackingStore::flush(QWindow *window, const QRegion ®ion,const QPoint &offset)
{//省略大量上下文QWindowsWindow *rw = QWindowsWindow::windowsWindowOf(window);const bool hasAlpha = rw->format().hasAlpha();if (rw) {const HDC dc = rw->getDC();if (!dc) {qErrnoWarning("%s: GetDC failed", __FUNCTION__);return;}if (!BitBlt(dc, br.x(), br.y(), br.width(), br.height(),m_image->hdc(), br.x() + offset.x(), br.y() + offset.y(), SRCCOPY)) {const DWORD lastError = GetLastError(); // QTBUG-35926, QTBUG-29716: may fail after lock screen.if (lastError != ERROR_SUCCESS && lastError != ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE)qErrnoWarning(int(lastError), "%s: BitBlt failed", __FUNCTION__);}rw->releaseDC();}
可以看到, QWindowsBackingStore::flush 实际上是把一个 QImage 设备无关位图缓存里的像素粘贴到窗口的设备上下文(DC)上。这说明,在整体贴图之前,各种绘制已经完成了。那么,是谁绘制了 m_Image呢?看看 m_image的定义:
class QWindowsBackingStore : public QPlatformBackingStore
{Q_DISABLE_COPY_MOVE(QWindowsBackingStore)
public:QImage toImage() const override;
private:QScopedPointer<QWindowsNativeImage> m_image;
};
这是一个windows平台的本地Image,使用智能指针管理的对象实例。继续跟踪这个类的定义:
class Q_GUI_EXPORT QWindowsNativeImage
{Q_DISABLE_COPY_MOVE(QWindowsNativeImage)
public:QWindowsNativeImage(int width, int height,QImage::Format format);~QWindowsNativeImage();inline int width() const { return m_image.width(); }inline int height() const { return m_image.height(); }QImage &image() { return m_image; }const QImage &image() const { return m_image; }HDC hdc() const { return m_hdc; }static QImage::Format systemFormat();private:const HDC m_hdc;QImage m_image;HBITMAP m_bitmap = 0;HBITMAP m_null_bitmap = 0;
};
可以看到,这个类是对设备无关位图 QImage进行了封装,同时封装了windows平台上的设备上下文 const HDC m_hdc。从这一步,基本就可以确定我们要跟踪的就是这个QWindowsNativeImage::m_image。
2. 顺藤摸瓜
熟悉Qt类继承关系的话,就会知道QImage本身就是一个可被 QPainter 绘图的 QPaintDevice 派生类。这个东西是可以返回绘图设备指针的。
继续查看 QWindowsBackingStore 的方法,果然有一个成员函数:
// QPaintDevice *paintDevice() override;QPaintDevice *QWindowsBackingStore::paintDevice()
{Q_ASSERT(!m_image.isNull());return &m_image->image();
}以及基类的定义:
/*!Returns the paint device for this surface.\warning The device is only valid between calls to beginPaint() andendPaint(). You should not cache the returned value.
*/
QPaintDevice *QBackingStore::paintDevice()
{QPaintDevice *device = handle()->paintDevice();if (QHighDpiScaling::isActive() && device->devType() == QInternal::Image)return d_ptr->highDpiBackingstore.data();return device;
}
那么,谁又使用了这个 paintDevice呢?直接右键单击 QtCreator里“QPaintDevice *QBackingStore::paintDevice()” 这一行,在弹出的菜单里选择“Find reference to Symbol Under Cursor”,
会发现在类 QRasterWindow 及其私有数据成员类 QRasterWindowPrivate里有引用。
/*!\class QRasterWindow\inmodule QtGui\since 5.4\brief QRasterWindow is a convenience class for using QPainter on a QWindow.QRasterWindow is a QWindow with a raster-based, non-OpenGL surface. On top ofthe functionality offered by QWindow, QRasterWindow adds a virtualpaintEvent() function and the possibility to open a QPainter on itself. Theunderlying paint engine will be the raster one, meaning that all drawing willhappen on the CPU. For performing accelerated, OpenGL-based drawing, useQOpenGLWindow instead.Internally the class is thin wrapper for QWindow and QBackingStoreand is very similar to the \l{Raster Window Example}{Raster WindowExample} that uses these classes directly.\sa QPaintDeviceWindow::paintEvent(), QPaintDeviceWindow::update()
*/class QRasterWindowPrivate : public QPaintDeviceWindowPrivate
{
public:void beginPaint(const QRegion ®ion) override{Q_Q(QRasterWindow);const QSize size = q->size();if (backingstore->size() != size) {backingstore->resize(size);markWindowAsDirty();}backingstore->beginPaint(region);}void endPaint() override{backingstore->endPaint();}void flush(const QRegion ®ion) override{Q_Q(QRasterWindow);backingstore->flush(region, q);}QScopedPointer<QBackingStore> backingstore;
};/*!Constructs a new QRasterWindow with \a parent.
*/
QRasterWindow::QRasterWindow(QWindow *parent): QPaintDeviceWindow(*(new QRasterWindowPrivate), parent)
{setSurfaceType(QSurface::RasterSurface);d_func()->backingstore.reset(new QBackingStore(this));
}QRasterWindow::~QRasterWindow()
{Q_D(QRasterWindow);// Delete backingstore while window is still alive, as it// might need to reference the window in the processd->backingstore.reset(nullptr);
}/*!\internal
*/
int QRasterWindow::metric(PaintDeviceMetric metric) const
{Q_D(const QRasterWindow);switch (metric) {case PdmDepth:return d->backingstore->paintDevice()->depth();default:break;}return QPaintDeviceWindow::metric(metric);
}/*!\internal
*/
QPaintDevice *QRasterWindow::redirected(QPoint *) const
{Q_D(const QRasterWindow);return d->backingstore->paintDevice();
}QT_END_NAMESPACE#include "moc_qrasterwindow.cpp"
这个 QRasterWindow 就是代表了CPU渲染的传统GUI窗口(窗体)。需要注意在gui模块外部,尤其是 widget 模块下,是什么类首先调用了上文中的方法,如 beginPaint(), paintDevice等。
3. 从GUI到Widgets
上文的顺藤摸瓜,还是在Qt GUI模块里摸索。当我们全文搜索对 GUI 主要入口点 paintDevice\beginPaint的引用时,很快就能注意到QWidgetRepaintManager这个类。
void QWidgetRepaintManager::paintAndFlush()
{
//...store->setStaticContents(staticRegion);store->beginPaint(toClean);wd->drawWidget(store->paintDevice(), toBePainted, offset, flags, nullptr, this);tlw->d_func()->drawWidget(store->paintDevice(), dirtyCopy, QPoint(), flags, nullptr, this);store->endPaint();flush();
}
在上述经过大幅度缩减的代码里,我们大致能够看到对一次绘制,要经过 beginPaint、drawWidget、endPaint、flush四步骤。
这些步骤在 Qt GUI模块的跟踪里都反复遇到过。其中只有 flush 是发生了 windows Native DC的 bitblt,其余都在 Image 内存对象里进行。
调用 paintAndFlush有且仅在QWidgetRepaintManager::sync()中。这个函数的作用就是把改变的窗口图案同步到后台存储中(Synchronizes the backing store)。
/*!Synchronizes the backing store, i.e. dirty areas are repainted and flushed.
*/
void QWidgetRepaintManager::sync()
{qCInfo(lcWidgetPainting) << "Syncing dirty widgets";updateRequestSent = false;if (qt_widget_private(tlw)->shouldDiscardSyncRequest()) {// If the top-level is minimized, it's not visible on the screen so we can delay the// update until it's shown again. In order to do that we must keep the dirty states.// These will be cleared when we receive the first expose after showNormal().// However, if the widget is not visible (isVisible() returns false), everything will// be invalidated once the widget is shown again, so clear all dirty states.if (!tlw->isVisible()) {dirty = QRegion();for (int i = 0; i < dirtyWidgets.size(); ++i)resetWidget(dirtyWidgets.at(i));dirtyWidgets.clear();}return;}if (syncAllowed())paintAndFlush();
}
看起来,QWidgetRepaintManager 包揽了所有widgets的重绘工作,而不是各个Widget直接绘制到backing store。
那么,什么时候调用sync呢? 可以很方便的跟踪到 QWidgetPrivate::syncBackingStore
void QWidgetPrivate::syncBackingStore()
{if (shouldPaintOnScreen()) {paintOnScreen(dirty);dirty = QRegion();} else if (QWidgetRepaintManager *repaintManager = maybeRepaintManager()) {repaintManager->sync();}
}
以及 QWidget::event(QEvent *event)
bool QWidget::event(QEvent *event)
{case QEvent::UpdateRequest:d->syncBackingStore();break;}
总的出发地点,就是这个 event,具体就是 UpdateRequest的响应了。
这里要额外插一句,这个 Q_D(QWidget);其实展开为:
QWidgetPrivate * const d = d_func();
为啥子Qt大多数类都有一个对应的私有封装类呢?主要是要提纯接口,把不需要用户看到的辅助东西放在 Priavte类里,接口只保留公开的属性、方法。这个技术网上有专门介绍。
4. 顺流而上
搞清楚了事件的起点,我们再回到第三章的一开始,void QWidgetRepaintManager::paintAndFlush()里有一个关键的drawWidget,这个方法应该就是执行widget的具体绘制了,真正的实现是在 QWidgetPrivate::drawWidget 里。
void QWidgetPrivate::drawWidget(QPaintDevice *pdev, const QRegion &rgn, const QPoint &offset, DrawWidgetFlags flags,QPainter *sharedPainter, QWidgetRepaintManager *repaintManager)
{if (!skipPaintEvent) {//actually send the paint eventsendPaintEvent(toBePainted);}
}
这个函数非常长,最重要的就是上面这句, sendPaintEvent(toBePainted);
由此,各个 Widget 的paintEvent会在事件响应中被调用了。我们随便看看一个按钮的paintEvent
/*!\reimp
*/
void QPushButton::paintEvent(QPaintEvent *)
{QStylePainter p(this);QStyleOptionButton option;initStyleOption(&option);p.drawControl(QStyle::CE_PushButton, option);
}
它会具体驱动一个风格对象来绘图,比如fusion或者 vista。
有兴趣可以看看
void QWindowsStyle::drawControl(ControlElement ce, const QStyleOption *opt, QPainter *p,const QWidget *widget) const
里面有非常可怕和冗长的绘制代码。以简单的一个小拐角风格来说:
case QTabBar::RoundedNorth: {if (!selected) {y1 += 2;x1 += onlyOne || firstTab ? borderThinkness : 0;x2 -= onlyOne || lastTab ? borderThinkness : 0;}p->fillRect(QRect(x1 + 1, y1 + 1, (x2 - x1) - 1, (y2 - y1) - 2), tab->palette.window());// Delete borderif (selected) {p->fillRect(QRect(x1,y2-1,x2-x1,1), tab->palette.window());p->fillRect(QRect(x1,y2,x2-x1,1), tab->palette.window());}// Leftif (firstTab || selected || onlyOne || !previousSelected) {p->setPen(light);p->drawLine(x1, y1 + 2, x1, y2 - ((onlyOne || firstTab) && selected && leftAligned ? 0 : borderThinkness));p->drawPoint(x1 + 1, y1 + 1);}// Top{int beg = x1 + (previousSelected ? 0 : 2);int end = x2 - (nextSelected ? 0 : 2);p->setPen(light);p->drawLine(beg, y1, end, y1);}// Rightif (lastTab || selected || onlyOne || !nextSelected) {p->setPen(shadow);p->drawLine(x2, y1 + 2, x2, y2 - ((onlyOne || lastTab) && selected && rightAligned ? 0 : borderThinkness));p->drawPoint(x2 - 1, y1 + 1);p->setPen(dark);p->drawLine(x2 - 1, y1 + 2, x2 - 1, y2 - ((onlyOne || lastTab) && selected && rightAligned ? 0 : borderThinkness));}break; }
可见,这是在用最底层的点线面函数在绘制界面。
5. 堆栈跟踪验证
尽管靠着阅读代码,基本跟踪到了各个关键环节,还是想真正验证一下。直接CMake一个带有调试信息的Qt6.6 base,花了十几分钟,还是很快的。我们从一次重绘事件开始,直到真正意义上的按照风格绘制按钮的色彩、文本。
5.1 堆栈跟踪
从事件开始,到按钮执行绘图,经历的堆栈如下:
> qwindowsvistastyled.dll!QWindowsVistaStyle::drawControl(QStyle::ControlElement element, const QStyleOption * option, QPainter * painter, const QWidget * widget) 行 2544 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QCommonStyle::drawControl(QStyle::ControlElement element, const QStyleOption * opt, QPainter * p, const QWidget * widget) 行 1322 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWindowsStyle::drawControl(QStyle::ControlElement ce, const QStyleOption * opt, QPainter * p, const QWidget * widget) 行 1817 C++qwindowsvistastyled.dll!QWindowsVistaStyle::drawControl(QStyle::ControlElement element, const QStyleOption * option, QPainter * painter, const QWidget * widget) 行 3284 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QStylePainter::drawControl(QStyle::ControlElement ce, const QStyleOption & opt) 行 52 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QPushButton::paintEvent(QPaintEvent * __formal) 行 415 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidget::event(QEvent * event) 行 9150 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QAbstractButton::event(QEvent * e) 行 932 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QPushButton::event(QEvent * e) 行 684 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QApplicationPrivate::notify_helper(QObject * receiver, QEvent * e) 行 3290 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QApplication::notify(QObject * receiver, QEvent * e) 行 3237 C++Qt6Cored.dll!QCoreApplication::notifyInternal2(QObject * receiver, QEvent * event) 行 1118 C++Qt6Cored.dll!QCoreApplication::sendSpontaneousEvent(QObject * receiver, QEvent * event) 行 1551 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetPrivate::sendPaintEvent(const QRegion & toBePainted) 行 5651 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetPrivate::drawWidget(QPaintDevice * pdev, const QRegion & rgn, const QPoint & offset, QFlags<enum QWidgetPrivate::DrawWidgetFlag> flags, QPainter * sharedPainter, QWidgetRepaintManager * repaintManager) 行 5602 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetPrivate::paintSiblingsRecursive(QPaintDevice * pdev, const QList<QObject *> & siblings, int index, const QRegion & rgn, const QPoint & offset, QFlags<enum QWidgetPrivate::DrawWidgetFlag> flags, QPainter * sharedPainter, QWidgetRepaintManager * repaintManager) 行 5779 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetPrivate::drawWidget(QPaintDevice * pdev, const QRegion & rgn, const QPoint & offset, QFlags<enum QWidgetPrivate::DrawWidgetFlag> flags, QPainter * sharedPainter, QWidgetRepaintManager * repaintManager) 行 5643 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetRepaintManager::paintAndFlush() 行 906 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetRepaintManager::sync(QWidget * exposedWidget, const QRegion & exposedRegion) 行 630 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetPrivate::syncBackingStore(const QRegion & region) 行 1775 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetWindow::handleExposeEvent(QExposeEvent * event) 行 1023 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetWindow::event(QEvent * event) 行 289 C++//...省去NNNN多行^^^^^^^^^Qt6Cored.dll!QEventDispatcherWin32::processEvents(QFlags<enum QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlag> flags) 行 540 C++Qt6Guid.dll!QWindowsGuiEventDispatcher::processEvents(QFlags<enum QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlag> flags) 行 36 C++Qt6Cored.dll!QEventLoop::processEvents(QFlags<enum QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlag> flags) 行 101 C++Qt6Cored.dll!QEventLoop::exec(QFlags<enum QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlag> flags) 行 182 C++Qt6Cored.dll!QCoreApplication::exec() 行 1439 C++Qt6Guid.dll!QGuiApplication::exec() 行 1922 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QApplication::exec() 行 2570 C++testBtn.exe!main(int argc, char * * argv) 行 9 C++testBtn.exe!qtEntryPoint() 行 50 C++testBtn.exe!WinMain(HINSTANCE__ * __formal, HINSTANCE__ * __formal, char * __formal, int __formal) 行 60 C++
在抵达绘图代码 QWindowsVistaStyle::drawControl 后,多次绘制各个widget,合成的image会最终被flush到一个空白的windows窗体上。
> qwindowsd.dll!QWindowsBackingStore::flush(QWindow * window, const QRegion & region, const QPoint & offset) 行 82 C++Qt6Guid.dll!QBackingStore::flush(const QRegion & region, QWindow * window, const QPoint & offset) 行 223 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetRepaintManager::flush(QWidget * widget, const QRegion & region, QPlatformTextureList * widgetTextures) 行 1101 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetRepaintManager::flush() 行 977 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetRepaintManager::paintAndFlush() 行 909 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetRepaintManager::sync() 行 657 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidgetPrivate::syncBackingStore() 行 1766 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidget::event(QEvent * event) 行 9314 C++//...省去NNNN多行Qt6Cored.dll!QEventDispatcherWin32::processEvents(QFlags<enum QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlag> flags) 行 540 C++Qt6Guid.dll!QWindowsGuiEventDispatcher::processEvents(QFlags<enum QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlag> flags) 行 36 C++Qt6Cored.dll!QEventLoop::processEvents(QFlags<enum QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlag> flags) 行 101 C++Qt6Cored.dll!QEventLoop::exec(QFlags<enum QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlag> flags) 行 182 C++Qt6Cored.dll!QCoreApplication::exec() 行 1439 C++Qt6Guid.dll!QGuiApplication::exec() 行 1922 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QApplication::exec() 行 2570 C++testBtn.exe!main(int argc, char * * argv) 行 9 C++testBtn.exe!qtEntryPoint() 行 50 C++testBtn.exe!WinMain(HINSTANCE__ * __formal, HINSTANCE__ * __formal, char * __formal, int __formal) 行 60 C++
注意上述两次触发的事件不同,事件在Call Stack上还会嵌套多层。实际的 Callstack很长。
5.2 抵达最原始的像素操作
如果继续跟踪,可以看到典型的底层计算及图形学椭圆生成算法,如何根据画笔对原始的RGB像素进行逐一操作;
> Qt6Guid.dll!blend_color_argb(int count, const QT_FT_Span_ * spans, void * userData) 行 3858 C++Qt6Guid.dll!drawEllipsePoints(int x, int y, int length, const QRect & rect, const QRect & clip, void(*)(int, const QT_FT_Span_ *, void *) pen_func, void(*)(int, const QT_FT_Span_ *, void *) brush_func, QSpanData * pen_data, QSpanData * brush_data) 行 4794 C++Qt6Guid.dll!drawEllipse_midpoint_i(const QRect & rect, const QRect & clip, void(*)(int, const QT_FT_Span_ *, void *) pen_func, void(*)(int, const QT_FT_Span_ *, void *) brush_func, QSpanData * pen_data, QSpanData * brush_data) 行 4821 C++Qt6Guid.dll!QRasterPaintEngine::drawEllipse(const QRectF & rect) 行 3301 C++Qt6Guid.dll!QPaintEngineEx::drawEllipse(const QRect & r) 行 830 C++Qt6Guid.dll!QPainter::drawEllipse(const QRect & r) 行 4014 C++Qt6Guid.dll!QPainter::drawEllipse(int x, int y, int w, int h) 行 586 C++testBtn.exe!testBtn::paintEvent(QPaintEvent * evt) 行 24 C++Qt6Widgetsd.dll!QWidget::event(QEvent * event) 行 9150 C++
可以看到 integer point midpoint algorithm 绘制椭圆:
*!\internalDraws an ellipse using the integer point midpoint algorithm.
*/
static void drawEllipse_midpoint_i(const QRect &rect, const QRect &clip,ProcessSpans pen_func, ProcessSpans brush_func,QSpanData *pen_data, QSpanData *brush_data)
{const qreal a = qreal(rect.width()) / 2;const qreal b = qreal(rect.height()) / 2;qreal d = b*b - (a*a*b) + 0.25*a*a;int x = 0;int y = (rect.height() + 1) / 2;int startx = x;// region 1while (a*a*(2*y - 1) > 2*b*b*(x + 1)) {if (d < 0) { // select Ed += b*b*(2*x + 3);++x;} else { // select SEd += b*b*(2*x + 3) + a*a*(-2*y + 2);drawEllipsePoints(startx, y, x - startx + 1, rect, clip,pen_func, brush_func, pen_data, brush_data);startx = ++x;--y;}}drawEllipsePoints(startx, y, x - startx + 1, rect, clip,pen_func, brush_func, pen_data, brush_data);// region 2d = b*b*(x + 0.5)*(x + 0.5) + a*a*((y - 1)*(y - 1) - b*b);const int miny = rect.height() & 0x1;while (y > miny) {if (d < 0) { // select SEd += b*b*(2*x + 2) + a*a*(-2*y + 3);++x;} else { // select Sd += a*a*(-2*y + 3);}--y;drawEllipsePoints(x, y, 1, rect, clip,pen_func, brush_func, pen_data, brush_data);}
}
在需要绘制的各个像素位置,需要调用画笔和画刷的像素画逻辑
/*!\internal\a x and \a y is relative to the midpoint of \a rect.
*/
static inline void drawEllipsePoints(int x, int y, int length,const QRect &rect,const QRect &clip,ProcessSpans pen_func, ProcessSpans brush_func,QSpanData *pen_data, QSpanData *brush_data)
{if (length == 0)return;QT_FT_Span _outline[4];QT_FT_Span *outline = _outline;const int midx = rect.x() + (rect.width() + 1) / 2;const int midy = rect.y() + (rect.height() + 1) / 2;x = x + midx;y = midy - y;// topleftoutline[0].x = midx + (midx - x) - (length - 1) - (rect.width() & 0x1);outline[0].len = qMin(length, x - outline[0].x);outline[0].y = y;outline[0].coverage = 255;// toprightoutline[1].x = x;outline[1].len = length;outline[1].y = y;outline[1].coverage = 255;// bottomleftoutline[2].x = outline[0].x;outline[2].len = outline[0].len;outline[2].y = midy + (midy - y) - (rect.height() & 0x1);outline[2].coverage = 255;// bottomrightoutline[3].x = x;outline[3].len = length;outline[3].y = outline[2].y;outline[3].coverage = 255;if (brush_func && outline[0].x + outline[0].len < outline[1].x) {QT_FT_Span _fill[2];QT_FT_Span *fill = _fill;// top fillfill[0].x = outline[0].x + outline[0].len - 1;fill[0].len = qMax(0, outline[1].x - fill[0].x);fill[0].y = outline[1].y;fill[0].coverage = 255;// bottom fillfill[1].x = outline[2].x + outline[2].len - 1;fill[1].len = qMax(0, outline[3].x - fill[1].x);fill[1].y = outline[3].y;fill[1].coverage = 255;int n = (fill[0].y >= fill[1].y ? 1 : 2);n = qt_intersect_spans(fill, n, clip);if (n > 0)brush_func(n, fill, brush_data);}if (pen_func) {int n = (outline[1].y >= outline[2].y ? 2 : 4);n = qt_intersect_spans(outline, n, clip);if (n > 0)pen_func(n, outline, pen_data);}
}
上文的pen_func(n, outline, pen_data); 是一个functional对象,调用 blend_color_argb 方法对每个像素进行内存级别的比特操作:
static void blend_color_argb(int count, const QT_FT_Span *spans, void *userData)
{QSpanData *data = reinterpret_cast<QSpanData *>(userData);const Operator op = getOperator(data, nullptr, 0);const uint color = data->solidColor.rgba();if (op.mode == QPainter::CompositionMode_Source) {// inline for performancewhile (count--) {uint *target = ((uint *)data->rasterBuffer->scanLine(spans->y)) + spans->x;if (spans->coverage == 255) {qt_memfill(target, color, spans->len);
#ifdef __SSE2__} else if (spans->len > 16) {op.funcSolid(target, spans->len, color, spans->coverage);
#endif} else {uint c = BYTE_MUL(color, spans->coverage);int ialpha = 255 - spans->coverage;for (int i = 0; i < spans->len; ++i)target[i] = c + BYTE_MUL(target[i], ialpha);}++spans;}return;}const auto funcSolid = op.funcSolid;auto function = [=] (int cStart, int cEnd) {for (int c = cStart; c < cEnd; ++c) {uint *target = ((uint *)data->rasterBuffer->scanLine(spans[c].y)) + spans[c].x;funcSolid(target, spans[c].len, color, spans[c].coverage);}};QT_THREAD_PARALLEL_FILLS(function);
}
6 总结
我们可以看到,Qt是遵循这样的逻辑来进行绘图的:
- 控件的绘制逻辑,是在“Style” 系列风格类里具体实现。不同的style显然绘制按钮的样子也不同。
- 绘制的操作类是 QPainter,提供各种 draw的具体实现。
- 绘制的目的设备是 QPainterDevice,大部分情况下是一个临时 QImage对象,并最终合并到 QWindowsBackingStore::m_image里。
- 绘制行为的触发点是Event,比如鼠标或者别的窗口划过了按钮;
- 最终绘制生效被显示的位置就是 QWindowsBackingStore::flush。
Qt没有使用windows自带的控件库,而是靠 QWindowsVistaStyle 或者其他的风格类,来硬画图,一个点一条线地画出来。同时,因为上层的绘制全部是在设备无关位图 QImage里绘制的,所以无论是显示、打印或者 render 到一个文件里,上层的代码都是不需要改动的。
这也是为什么Qt可以在嵌入式系统不完全的绘图支持下(比如仅有一个FrameBuf),依旧可以绘制出复杂图形的原因。Qt完全可作为OS一部分而存在,Linux KDE桌面就是基于Qt的实现。同时由于 backing store的可替换性,借助openGL等加速的绘制系统也很方便的集成进来了。
当然,上述跟踪只是Desktop Widgets的一个很小的一撇。Qt在融合各类显示策略上的规划非常宏大。
能够直接看到计算机图形学中点线面的生成算法,是Qt作为GUI工具链具备OS特性的一大特征。这不是对各种轮子的反复封装,而是硬核的底层实现!