NNDL 作业13 优化算法3D可视化 [HBU]-编程知识

老师作业原博客:【23-24 秋学期】NNDL 作业13 优化算法3D可视化-CSDN博客

NNDL 作业13 优化算法3D可视化-CSDN博客

编程实现优化算法，并3D可视化

1. 函数3D可视化

分别画出 $x[0]^{2}+x[1]^{2}+x[1]^{3}+x[0]*x[1]$ 和 $x^{2} /20+y^{2}$ 的3D图

NNDL实验优化算法3D轨迹鱼书例题3D版_优化算法3d展示-CSDN博客

代码：

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import torch
from nndl.op import Op# 画出x**2
class OptimizedFunction3D(Op):def __init__(self):super(OptimizedFunction3D, self).__init__()self.params = {'x': 0}self.grads = {'x': 0}def forward(self, x):self.params['x'] = xreturn x[0] ** 2 + x[1] ** 2 + x[1] ** 3 + x[0] * x[1]def backward(self):x = self.params['x']gradient1 = 2 * x[0] + x[1]gradient2 = 2 * x[1] + 3 * x[1] ** 2 + x[0]grad1 = torch.Tensor([gradient1])grad2 = torch.Tensor([gradient2])self.grads['x'] = torch.cat([grad1, grad2])# 使用numpy.meshgrid生成x1,x2矩阵，矩阵的每一行为[-3, 3]，以0.1为间隔的数值
x1 = np.arange(-3, 3, 0.1)
x2 = np.arange(-3, 3, 0.1)
x1, x2 = np.meshgrid(x1, x2)
init_x = torch.Tensor(np.array([x1, x2]))model = OptimizedFunction3D()# 绘制 f_3d函数 的 三维图像
fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
X = init_x[0].numpy()
Y = init_x[1].numpy()
Z = model(init_x).numpy()
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap='plasma')ax.set_xlabel('x1')
ax.set_ylabel('x2')
ax.set_zlabel('f(x1,x2)')
plt.show()# 画出x * x / 20 + y * y
def func(x, y):return x * x / 20 + y * ydef paint_loss_func():x = np.linspace(-50, 50, 100)  # x的绘制范围是-50到50，从改区间均匀取100个数y = np.linspace(-50, 50, 100)  # y的绘制范围是-50到50，从改区间均匀取100个数X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)Z = func(X, Y)fig = plt.figure()  # figsize=(10, 10))ax = Axes3D(fig)plt.xlabel('x')plt.ylabel('y')ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='plasma')plt.show()paint_loss_func()

结果：

2.加入优化算法，画出轨迹

分别画出 $x[0]^{2}+x[1]^{2}+x[1]^{3}+x[0]*x[1]$ 和 $x^{2} /20+y^{2}$ 的3D轨迹图

结合3D动画，用自己的语言，从轨迹、速度等多个角度讲解各个算法优缺点

NNDL实验优化算法3D轨迹 pytorch版_nndl 实验三将数据转换为 pytorch 张量-CSDN博客

代码为：

import torch
import numpy as np
import copy
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import animation
from itertools import zip_longest
from nndl.op import Opclass Optimizer(object):  # 优化器基类def __init__(self, init_lr, model):"""优化器类初始化"""# 初始化学习率，用于参数更新的计算self.init_lr = init_lr# 指定优化器需要优化的模型self.model = modeldef step(self):"""定义每次迭代如何更新参数"""passclass SimpleBatchGD(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model):super(SimpleBatchGD, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)def step(self):# 参数更新if isinstance(self.model.params, dict):for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key] = self.model.params[key] - self.init_lr * self.model.grads[key]class Adagrad(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, epsilon):"""Adagrad 优化器初始化输入：- init_lr： 初始学习率 - model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值  - epsilon：保持数值稳定性而设置的非常小的常数"""super(Adagrad, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.G = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.G[key] = 0self.epsilon = epsilondef adagrad(self, x, gradient_x, G, init_lr):"""adagrad算法更新参数，G为参数梯度平方的累计值。"""G += gradient_x ** 2x -= init_lr / torch.sqrt(G + self.epsilon) * gradient_xreturn x, Gdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.G[key] = self.adagrad(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.G[key],self.init_lr)class RMSprop(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, beta, epsilon):"""RMSprop优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- beta：衰减率- epsilon：保持数值稳定性而设置的常数"""super(RMSprop, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.G = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.G[key] = 0self.beta = betaself.epsilon = epsilondef rmsprop(self, x, gradient_x, G, init_lr):"""rmsprop算法更新参数，G为迭代梯度平方的加权移动平均"""G = self.beta * G + (1 - self.beta) * gradient_x ** 2x -= init_lr / torch.sqrt(G + self.epsilon) * gradient_xreturn x, Gdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.G[key] = self.rmsprop(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.G[key],self.init_lr)class Momentum(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, rho):"""Momentum优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- rho：动量因子"""super(Momentum, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.delta_x = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.delta_x[key] = 0self.rho = rhodef momentum(self, x, gradient_x, delta_x, init_lr):"""momentum算法更新参数，delta_x为梯度的加权移动平均"""delta_x = self.rho * delta_x - init_lr * gradient_xx += delta_xreturn x, delta_xdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.delta_x[key] = self.momentum(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.delta_x[key],self.init_lr)class Nesterov(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, rho):"""Nesterov优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- rho：动量因子"""super(Nesterov, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.delta_x = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.delta_x[key] = 0self.rho = rhodef nesterov(self, x, gradient_x, delta_x, init_lr):"""Nesterov算法更新参数，delta_x为梯度的加权移动平均"""delta_x_prev = delta_xdelta_x = self.rho * delta_x - init_lr * gradient_xx += -self.rho * delta_x_prev + (1 + self.rho) * delta_xreturn x, delta_xdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.delta_x[key] = self.nesterov(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.delta_x[key],self.init_lr)class Adam(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, beta1, beta2, epsilon):"""Adam优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- beta1, beta2：移动平均的衰减率- epsilon：保持数值稳定性而设置的常数"""super(Adam, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.beta1 = beta1self.beta2 = beta2self.epsilon = epsilonself.M, self.G = {}, {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.M[key] = 0self.G[key] = 0self.t = 1def adam(self, x, gradient_x, G, M, t, init_lr):"""adam算法更新参数输入：- x：参数- G：梯度平方的加权移动平均- M：梯度的加权移动平均- t：迭代次数- init_lr：初始学习率"""M = self.beta1 * M + (1 - self.beta1) * gradient_xG = self.beta2 * G + (1 - self.beta2) * gradient_x ** 2M_hat = M / (1 - self.beta1 ** t)G_hat = G / (1 - self.beta2 ** t)t += 1x -= init_lr / torch.sqrt(G_hat + self.epsilon) * M_hatreturn x, G, M, tdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.G[key], self.M[key], self.t = self.adam(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.G[key],self.M[key],self.t,self.init_lr)class OptimizedFunction3D(Op):def __init__(self):super(OptimizedFunction3D, self).__init__()self.params = {'x': 0}self.grads = {'x': 0}def forward(self, x):self.params['x'] = xreturn x[0] ** 2 + x[1] ** 2 + x[1] ** 3 + x[0] * x[1]def backward(self):x = self.params['x']gradient1 = 2 * x[0] + x[1]gradient2 = 2 * x[1] + 3 * x[1] ** 2 + x[0]grad1 = torch.Tensor([gradient1])grad2 = torch.Tensor([gradient2])self.grads['x'] = torch.cat([grad1, grad2])class Visualization3D(animation.FuncAnimation):"""    绘制动态图像，可视化参数更新轨迹    """def __init__(self, *xy_values, z_values, labels=[], colors=[], fig, ax, interval=600, blit=True, **kwargs):"""初始化3d可视化类输入：xy_values：三维中x,y维度的值z_values：三维中z维度的值labels：每个参数更新轨迹的标签colors：每个轨迹的颜色interval：帧之间的延迟（以毫秒为单位）blit：是否优化绘图"""self.fig = figself.ax = axself.xy_values = xy_valuesself.z_values = z_valuesframes = max(xy_value.shape[0] for xy_value in xy_values)self.lines = [ax.plot([], [], [], label=label, color=color, lw=2)[0]for _, label, color in zip_longest(xy_values, labels, colors)]super(Visualization3D, self).__init__(fig, self.animate, init_func=self.init_animation, frames=frames,interval=interval, blit=blit, **kwargs)def init_animation(self):# 数值初始化for line in self.lines:line.set_data([], [])# line.set_3d_properties(np.asarray([]))  # 源程序中有这一行，加上会报错。 Edit by David 2022.12.4return self.linesdef animate(self, i):# 将x,y,z三个数据传入，绘制三维图像for line, xy_value, z_value in zip(self.lines, self.xy_values, self.z_values):line.set_data(xy_value[:i, 0], xy_value[:i, 1])line.set_3d_properties(z_value[:i])return self.linesdef train_f(model, optimizer, x_init, epoch):x = x_initall_x = []losses = []for i in range(epoch):all_x.append(copy.deepcopy(x.numpy()))  # 浅拷贝 改为 深拷贝, 否则List的原值会被改变。 Edit by David 2022.12.4.loss = model(x)losses.append(loss)model.backward()optimizer.step()x = model.params['x']return torch.Tensor(np.array(all_x)), losses# 构建6个模型，分别配备不同的优化器
model1 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_gd = SimpleBatchGD(init_lr=0.01, model=model1)model2 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_adagrad = Adagrad(init_lr=0.5, model=model2, epsilon=1e-7)model3 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_rmsprop = RMSprop(init_lr=0.1, model=model3, beta=0.9, epsilon=1e-7)model4 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_momentum = Momentum(init_lr=0.01, model=model4, rho=0.9)model5 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_adam = Adam(init_lr=0.1, model=model5, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.99, epsilon=1e-7)model6 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_Nesterov = Nesterov(init_lr=0.1, model=model6, rho=0.9)models = [model1, model2, model3, model4, model5, model6]
opts = [opt_gd, opt_adagrad, opt_rmsprop, opt_momentum, opt_adam, opt_Nesterov]x_all_opts = []
z_all_opts = []# 使用不同优化器训练for model, opt in zip(models, opts):x_init = torch.FloatTensor([2, 3])x_one_opt, z_one_opt = train_f(model, opt, x_init, 150)  # epoch# 保存参数值x_all_opts.append(x_one_opt.numpy())z_all_opts.append(np.squeeze(z_one_opt))# 使用numpy.meshgrid生成x1,x2矩阵，矩阵的每一行为[-3, 3]，以0.1为间隔的数值
x1 = np.arange(-3, 3, 0.1)
x2 = np.arange(-3, 3, 0.1)
x1, x2 = np.meshgrid(x1, x2)
init_x = torch.Tensor(np.array([x1, x2]))model = OptimizedFunction3D()# 绘制 f_3d函数 的 三维图像
fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
X = init_x[0].numpy()
Y = init_x[1].numpy()
Z = model(init_x).numpy()  # 改为 model(init_x).numpy() David 2022.12.4
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap='plasma')ax.set_xlabel('x1')
ax.set_ylabel('x2')
ax.set_zlabel('f(x1,x2)')labels = ['SGD', 'AdaGrad', 'RMSprop', 'Momentum', 'Adam', 'Nesterov']
colors = ['#8B0000', '#0000FF', '#000000', '#008B00', '#FF0000']animator = Visualization3D(*x_all_opts, z_values=z_all_opts, labels=labels, colors=colors, fig=fig, ax=ax)
ax.legend(loc='upper left')plt.show()
animator.save('animation.gif')

(一直整不出来动态图，先攒着，等过了期末考试再回来研究，最近实在是太忙了)

代码：

import torch
import numpy as np
import copy
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import animation
from itertools import zip_longest
from matplotlib import cmclass Op(object):def __init__(self):passdef __call__(self, inputs):return self.forward(inputs)# 输入：张量inputs# 输出：张量outputsdef forward(self, inputs):# return outputsraise NotImplementedError# 输入：最终输出对outputs的梯度outputs_grads# 输出：最终输出对inputs的梯度inputs_gradsdef backward(self, outputs_grads):# return inputs_gradsraise NotImplementedErrorclass Optimizer(object):  # 优化器基类def __init__(self, init_lr, model):"""优化器类初始化"""# 初始化学习率，用于参数更新的计算self.init_lr = init_lr# 指定优化器需要优化的模型self.model = modeldef step(self):"""定义每次迭代如何更新参数"""passclass SimpleBatchGD(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model):super(SimpleBatchGD, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)def step(self):# 参数更新if isinstance(self.model.params, dict):for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key] = self.model.params[key] - self.init_lr * self.model.grads[key]class Adagrad(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, epsilon):"""Adagrad 优化器初始化输入：- init_lr： 初始学习率 - model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值  - epsilon：保持数值稳定性而设置的非常小的常数"""super(Adagrad, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.G = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.G[key] = 0self.epsilon = epsilondef adagrad(self, x, gradient_x, G, init_lr):"""adagrad算法更新参数，G为参数梯度平方的累计值。"""G += gradient_x ** 2x -= init_lr / torch.sqrt(G + self.epsilon) * gradient_xreturn x, Gdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.G[key] = self.adagrad(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.G[key],self.init_lr)class RMSprop(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, beta, epsilon):"""RMSprop优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- beta：衰减率- epsilon：保持数值稳定性而设置的常数"""super(RMSprop, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.G = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.G[key] = 0self.beta = betaself.epsilon = epsilondef rmsprop(self, x, gradient_x, G, init_lr):"""rmsprop算法更新参数，G为迭代梯度平方的加权移动平均"""G = self.beta * G + (1 - self.beta) * gradient_x ** 2x -= init_lr / torch.sqrt(G + self.epsilon) * gradient_xreturn x, Gdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.G[key] = self.rmsprop(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.G[key],self.init_lr)class Momentum(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, rho):"""Momentum优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- rho：动量因子"""super(Momentum, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.delta_x = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.delta_x[key] = 0self.rho = rhodef momentum(self, x, gradient_x, delta_x, init_lr):"""momentum算法更新参数，delta_x为梯度的加权移动平均"""delta_x = self.rho * delta_x - init_lr * gradient_xx += delta_xreturn x, delta_xdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.delta_x[key] = self.momentum(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.delta_x[key],self.init_lr)
class Nesterov(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, rho):"""Nesterov优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- rho：动量因子"""super(Nesterov, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.delta_x = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.delta_x[key] = 0self.rho = rhodef nesterov(self, x, gradient_x, delta_x, init_lr):"""Nesterov算法更新参数，delta_x为梯度的加权移动平均"""delta_x_prev = delta_xdelta_x = self.rho * delta_x - init_lr * gradient_xx += -self.rho * delta_x_prev + (1 + self.rho) * delta_xreturn x, delta_xdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.delta_x[key] = self.nesterov(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.delta_x[key],self.init_lr)class Adam(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, beta1, beta2, epsilon):"""Adam优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- beta1, beta2：移动平均的衰减率- epsilon：保持数值稳定性而设置的常数"""super(Adam, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.beta1 = beta1self.beta2 = beta2self.epsilon = epsilonself.M, self.G = {}, {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.M[key] = 0self.G[key] = 0self.t = 1def adam(self, x, gradient_x, G, M, t, init_lr):"""adam算法更新参数输入：- x：参数- G：梯度平方的加权移动平均- M：梯度的加权移动平均- t：迭代次数- init_lr：初始学习率"""M = self.beta1 * M + (1 - self.beta1) * gradient_xG = self.beta2 * G + (1 - self.beta2) * gradient_x ** 2M_hat = M / (1 - self.beta1 ** t)G_hat = G / (1 - self.beta2 ** t)t += 1x -= init_lr / torch.sqrt(G_hat + self.epsilon) * M_hatreturn x, G, M, tdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.G[key], self.M[key], self.t = self.adam(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.G[key],self.M[key],self.t,self.init_lr)class OptimizedFunction3D(Op):def __init__(self):super(OptimizedFunction3D, self).__init__()self.params = {'x': 0}self.grads = {'x': 0}def forward(self, x):self.params['x'] = xreturn x[0] * x[0] / 20 + x[1] * x[1] / 1# return x[0] ** 2 + x[1] ** 2 + x[1] ** 3 + x[0] * x[1]def backward(self):x = self.params['x']gradient1 = 2 * x[0] / 20gradient2 = 2 * x[1] / 1grad1 = torch.Tensor([gradient1])grad2 = torch.Tensor([gradient2])self.grads['x'] = torch.cat([grad1, grad2])class Visualization3D(animation.FuncAnimation):"""    绘制动态图像，可视化参数更新轨迹    """def __init__(self, *xy_values, z_values, labels=[], colors=[], fig, ax, interval=100, blit=True, **kwargs):"""初始化3d可视化类输入：xy_values：三维中x,y维度的值z_values：三维中z维度的值labels：每个参数更新轨迹的标签colors：每个轨迹的颜色interval：帧之间的延迟（以毫秒为单位）blit：是否优化绘图"""self.fig = figself.ax = axself.xy_values = xy_valuesself.z_values = z_valuesframes = max(xy_value.shape[0] for xy_value in xy_values)self.lines = [ax.plot([], [], [], label=label, color=color, lw=2)[0]for _, label, color in zip_longest(xy_values, labels, colors)]self.points = [ax.plot([], [], [], color=color, markeredgewidth=1, markeredgecolor='black', marker='o')[0]for _, color in zip_longest(xy_values, colors)]# print(self.lines)super(Visualization3D, self).__init__(fig, self.animate, init_func=self.init_animation, frames=frames,interval=interval, blit=blit, **kwargs)def init_animation(self):# 数值初始化for line in self.lines:line.set_data_3d([], [], [])for point in self.points:point.set_data_3d([], [], [])return self.points + self.linesdef animate(self, i):# 将x,y,z三个数据传入，绘制三维图像for line, xy_value, z_value in zip(self.lines, self.xy_values, self.z_values):line.set_data_3d(xy_value[:i, 0], xy_value[:i, 1], z_value[:i])for point, xy_value, z_value in zip(self.points, self.xy_values, self.z_values):point.set_data_3d(xy_value[i, 0], xy_value[i, 1], z_value[i])return self.points + self.linesdef train_f(model, optimizer, x_init, epoch):x = x_initall_x = []losses = []for i in range(epoch):all_x.append(copy.deepcopy(x.numpy()))  # 浅拷贝 改为 深拷贝, 否则List的原值会被改变。 Edit by David 2022.12.4.loss = model(x)losses.append(loss)model.backward()optimizer.step()x = model.params['x']return torch.Tensor(np.array(all_x)), losses# 构建6个模型，分别配备不同的优化器
model1 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_gd = SimpleBatchGD(init_lr=0.95, model=model1)model2 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_adagrad = Adagrad(init_lr=1.5, model=model2, epsilon=1e-7)model3 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_rmsprop = RMSprop(init_lr=0.05, model=model3, beta=0.9, epsilon=1e-7)model4 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_momentum = Momentum(init_lr=0.1, model=model4, rho=0.9)model5 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_adam = Adam(init_lr=0.3, model=model5, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.99, epsilon=1e-7)model6 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_Nesterov = Nesterov(init_lr=0.1, model=model6, rho=0.9)  # 将 model4 改为 model6models = [model1, model2, model3, model4, model5, model6]
opts = [opt_gd, opt_adagrad, opt_rmsprop, opt_momentum, opt_adam, opt_Nesterov]x_all_opts = []
z_all_opts = []# 使用不同优化器训练
for model, opt in zip(models, opts):x_init = torch.FloatTensor([-7, 2])x_one_opt, z_one_opt = train_f(model, opt, x_init, 100)  # epoch# 保存参数值x_all_opts.append(x_one_opt.numpy())z_all_opts.append(np.squeeze(z_one_opt))# 使用numpy.meshgrid生成x1,x2矩阵，矩阵的每一行为[-3, 3]，以0.1为间隔的数值
x1 = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.01)
x2 = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.01)
x1, x2 = np.meshgrid(x1, x2)
init_x = torch.Tensor(np.array([x1, x2]))model = OptimizedFunction3D()# 绘制 f_3d函数 的 三维图像
fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
X = init_x[0].numpy()
Y = init_x[1].numpy()
Z = model(init_x).numpy()  # 改为 model(init_x).numpy() David 2022.12.4
surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, edgecolor='grey', cmap=cm.coolwarm)
# fig.colorbar(surf, shrink=0.5, aspect=1)
# ax.set_zlim(-3, 2)
ax.set_xlabel('x1')
ax.set_ylabel('x2')
ax.set_zlabel('f(x1,x2)')labels = ['SGD', 'AdaGrad', 'RMSprop', 'Momentum', 'Adam', 'Nesterov']
colors = ['#8B0000', '#0000FF', '#000000', '#008B00', '#FF0000']animator = Visualization3D(*x_all_opts, z_values=z_all_opts, labels=labels, colors=colors, fig=fig, ax=ax)
ax.legend(loc='upper right')plt.show()
# animator.save('teaser' + '.gif', writer='imagemagick',fps=10) # 效果不好，估计被挡住了…… 有待进一步提高 Edit by David 2022.12.4

图像结果：

3.复现CS231经典动画

结合3D动画，用自己的语言，从轨迹、速度等多个角度讲解各个算法优缺点

NNDL实验优化算法3D轨迹复现cs231经典动画_深度学习优化算法动画展示-CSDN博客

Animations that may help your intuitions about the learning process dynamics.

Left: Contours of a loss surface and time evolution of different optimization algorithms. Notice the "overshooting" behavior of momentum-based methods, which make the optimization look like a ball rolling down the hill.

import torch
import numpy as np
import copy
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import animation
from itertools import zip_longest
from matplotlib import cmclass Op(object):def __init__(self):passdef __call__(self, inputs):return self.forward(inputs)# 输入：张量inputs# 输出：张量outputsdef forward(self, inputs):# return outputsraise NotImplementedError# 输入：最终输出对outputs的梯度outputs_grads# 输出：最终输出对inputs的梯度inputs_gradsdef backward(self, outputs_grads):# return inputs_gradsraise NotImplementedErrorclass Optimizer(object):  # 优化器基类def __init__(self, init_lr, model):"""优化器类初始化"""# 初始化学习率，用于参数更新的计算self.init_lr = init_lr# 指定优化器需要优化的模型self.model = modeldef step(self):"""定义每次迭代如何更新参数"""passclass SimpleBatchGD(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model):super(SimpleBatchGD, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)def step(self):# 参数更新if isinstance(self.model.params, dict):for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key] = self.model.params[key] - self.init_lr * self.model.grads[key]class Adagrad(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, epsilon):"""Adagrad 优化器初始化输入：- init_lr： 初始学习率 - model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值  - epsilon：保持数值稳定性而设置的非常小的常数"""super(Adagrad, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.G = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.G[key] = 0self.epsilon = epsilondef adagrad(self, x, gradient_x, G, init_lr):"""adagrad算法更新参数，G为参数梯度平方的累计值。"""G += gradient_x ** 2x -= init_lr / torch.sqrt(G + self.epsilon) * gradient_xreturn x, Gdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.G[key] = self.adagrad(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.G[key],self.init_lr)class RMSprop(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, beta, epsilon):"""RMSprop优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- beta：衰减率- epsilon：保持数值稳定性而设置的常数"""super(RMSprop, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.G = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.G[key] = 0self.beta = betaself.epsilon = epsilondef rmsprop(self, x, gradient_x, G, init_lr):"""rmsprop算法更新参数，G为迭代梯度平方的加权移动平均"""G = self.beta * G + (1 - self.beta) * gradient_x ** 2x -= init_lr / torch.sqrt(G + self.epsilon) * gradient_xreturn x, Gdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.G[key] = self.rmsprop(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.G[key],self.init_lr)class Momentum(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, rho):"""Momentum优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- rho：动量因子"""super(Momentum, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.delta_x = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.delta_x[key] = 0self.rho = rhodef momentum(self, x, gradient_x, delta_x, init_lr):"""momentum算法更新参数，delta_x为梯度的加权移动平均"""delta_x = self.rho * delta_x - init_lr * gradient_xx += delta_xreturn x, delta_xdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.delta_x[key] = self.momentum(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.delta_x[key],self.init_lr)class Nesterov(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, rho):"""Nesterov优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- rho：动量因子"""super(Nesterov, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.delta_x = {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.delta_x[key] = 0self.rho = rhodef nesterov(self, x, gradient_x, delta_x, init_lr):"""Nesterov算法更新参数，delta_x为梯度的加权移动平均"""delta_x_prev = delta_xdelta_x = self.rho * delta_x - init_lr * gradient_xx += -self.rho * delta_x_prev + (1 + self.rho) * delta_xreturn x, delta_xdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.delta_x[key] = self.nesterov(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.delta_x[key],self.init_lr)class Adam(Optimizer):def __init__(self, init_lr, model, beta1, beta2, epsilon):"""Adam优化器初始化输入：- init_lr：初始学习率- model：模型，model.params存储模型参数值- beta1, beta2：移动平均的衰减率- epsilon：保持数值稳定性而设置的常数"""super(Adam, self).__init__(init_lr=init_lr, model=model)self.beta1 = beta1self.beta2 = beta2self.epsilon = epsilonself.M, self.G = {}, {}for key in self.model.params.keys():self.M[key] = 0self.G[key] = 0self.t = 1def adam(self, x, gradient_x, G, M, t, init_lr):"""adam算法更新参数输入：- x：参数- G：梯度平方的加权移动平均- M：梯度的加权移动平均- t：迭代次数- init_lr：初始学习率"""M = self.beta1 * M + (1 - self.beta1) * gradient_xG = self.beta2 * G + (1 - self.beta2) * gradient_x ** 2M_hat = M / (1 - self.beta1 ** t)G_hat = G / (1 - self.beta2 ** t)t += 1x -= init_lr / torch.sqrt(G_hat + self.epsilon) * M_hatreturn x, G, M, tdef step(self):"""参数更新"""for key in self.model.params.keys():self.model.params[key], self.G[key], self.M[key], self.t = self.adam(self.model.params[key],self.model.grads[key],self.G[key],self.M[key],self.t,self.init_lr)class OptimizedFunction3D(Op):def __init__(self):super(OptimizedFunction3D, self).__init__()self.params = {'x': 0}self.grads = {'x': 0}def forward(self, x):self.params['x'] = xreturn - x[0] * x[0] / 2 + x[1] * x[1] / 1  # x[0] ** 2 + x[1] ** 2 + x[1] ** 3 + x[0] * x[1]def backward(self):x = self.params['x']gradient1 = - 2 * x[0] / 2gradient2 = 2 * x[1] / 1grad1 = torch.Tensor([gradient1])grad2 = torch.Tensor([gradient2])self.grads['x'] = torch.cat([grad1, grad2])class Visualization3D(animation.FuncAnimation):"""    绘制动态图像，可视化参数更新轨迹    """def __init__(self, *xy_values, z_values, labels=[], colors=[], fig, ax, interval=100, blit=True, **kwargs):"""初始化3d可视化类输入：xy_values：三维中x,y维度的值z_values：三维中z维度的值labels：每个参数更新轨迹的标签colors：每个轨迹的颜色interval：帧之间的延迟（以毫秒为单位）blit：是否优化绘图"""self.fig = figself.ax = axself.xy_values = xy_valuesself.z_values = z_valuesframes = max(xy_value.shape[0] for xy_value in xy_values)self.lines = [ax.plot([], [], [], label=label, color=color, lw=2)[0]for _, label, color in zip_longest(xy_values, labels, colors)]self.points = [ax.plot([], [], [], color=color, markeredgewidth=1, markeredgecolor='black', marker='o')[0]for _, color in zip_longest(xy_values, colors)]# print(self.lines)super(Visualization3D, self).__init__(fig, self.animate, init_func=self.init_animation, frames=frames,interval=interval, blit=blit, **kwargs)def init_animation(self):# 数值初始化for line in self.lines:line.set_data_3d([], [], [])for point in self.points:point.set_data_3d([], [], [])return self.points + self.linesdef animate(self, i):# 将x,y,z三个数据传入，绘制三维图像for line, xy_value, z_value in zip(self.lines, self.xy_values, self.z_values):line.set_data_3d(xy_value[:i, 0], xy_value[:i, 1], z_value[:i])for point, xy_value, z_value in zip(self.points, self.xy_values, self.z_values):point.set_data_3d(xy_value[i, 0], xy_value[i, 1], z_value[i])return self.points + self.linesdef train_f(model, optimizer, x_init, epoch):x = x_initall_x = []losses = []for i in range(epoch):all_x.append(copy.deepcopy(x.numpy()))  # 浅拷贝 改为 深拷贝, 否则List的原值会被改变。 Edit by David 2022.12.4.loss = model(x)losses.append(loss)model.backward()optimizer.step()x = model.params['x']return torch.Tensor(np.array(all_x)), losses# 构建5个模型，分别配备不同的优化器
model1 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_gd = SimpleBatchGD(init_lr=0.05, model=model1)model2 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_adagrad = Adagrad(init_lr=0.05, model=model2, epsilon=1e-7)model3 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_rmsprop = RMSprop(init_lr=0.05, model=model3, beta=0.9, epsilon=1e-7)model4 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_momentum = Momentum(init_lr=0.05, model=model4, rho=0.9)model5 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_adam = Adam(init_lr=0.05, model=model5, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.99, epsilon=1e-7)model6 = OptimizedFunction3D()
opt_Nesterov = Nesterov(init_lr=0.1, model=model6, rho=0.9)models = [model1, model2, model3, model4, model5, model6]
opts = [opt_gd, opt_adagrad, opt_rmsprop, opt_momentum, opt_adam, opt_Nesterov]x_all_opts = []
z_all_opts = []# 使用不同优化器训练for model, opt in zip(models, opts):x_init = torch.FloatTensor([0.00001, 0.5])x_one_opt, z_one_opt = train_f(model, opt, x_init, 100)  # epoch# 保存参数值x_all_opts.append(x_one_opt.numpy())z_all_opts.append(np.squeeze(z_one_opt))# 使用numpy.meshgrid生成x1,x2矩阵，矩阵的每一行为[-3, 3]，以0.1为间隔的数值
x1 = np.arange(-1, 2, 0.01)
x2 = np.arange(-1, 1, 0.05)
x1, x2 = np.meshgrid(x1, x2)
init_x = torch.Tensor(np.array([x1, x2]))model = OptimizedFunction3D()# 绘制 f_3d函数 的 三维图像
fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
X = init_x[0].numpy()
Y = init_x[1].numpy()
Z = model(init_x).numpy()  # 改为 model(init_x).numpy() David 2022.12.4
surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, edgecolor='grey', cmap=cm.coolwarm)
# fig.colorbar(surf, shrink=0.5, aspect=1)
ax.set_zlim(-3, 2)
ax.set_xlabel('x1')
ax.set_ylabel('x2')
ax.set_zlabel('f(x1,x2)')labels = ['SGD', 'AdaGrad', 'RMSprop', 'Momentum', 'Adam', 'Nesterov']
colors = ['#8B0000', '#0000FF', '#000000', '#008B00', '#FF0000']animator = Visualization3D(*x_all_opts, z_values=z_all_opts, labels=labels, colors=colors, fig=fig, ax=ax)
ax.legend(loc='upper right')plt.show()
# animator.save('teaser' + '.gif', writer='imagemagick',fps=10) # 效果不好，估计被挡住了…… 有待进一步提高 Edit by David 2022.12.4
# save不好用，不费劲了，安装个软件做gif https://pc.qq.com/detail/13/detail_23913.html

4. 结合3D动画，用自己的语言，从轨迹、速度等多个角度讲解各个算法优缺点

SGD
SGD较于其他几个算法，速度相对较慢，会呈现“之”字型的轨迹，并且在cs231经典动画中，SGD出现了陷入局部最小值，出不来的情况。

所以根据动画可以看出SGD的缺点有：

（1）容易陷入局部最优

（2）速度相对较慢且需要调整学习率

AdaGrad
可以看出，AdaGrad图中的轨迹图都是刚开始速度明显大于RMSprop和SGD算法的，偶尔比Momentum和Nesterov还要快，但是随着时间的增长，AdaGrad会成为图中速度最慢的算法。方向上，该算法的方向一直都很准确，并且明显解决了SGD的“之”字型问题，收敛稳定。

相较于SGD算法，AdaGrad的优点：

（1）自适应算法：AdaGrad算法根据每个参数的历史梯度信息来自适应地调整学习率，使得梯度不会太大或太小。

（2）“之”字形的变动程度衰减，呈现稳定的向最优点收敛

缺点：

学习率衰减过快，可能发生早停现象：随着训练的进行，AdaGrad会累积历史梯度的平方和，导致学习率不断减小。在训练后期，学习率可能会变得非常小，甚至接近于零，导致训练过早停止。

RMSprop
RMSprop的轨迹图，速度上很稳定，在前期比AdaGrad要慢，但是后期AdaGrad很慢的时候，RMSprop依然稳定前进。在轨迹方向上，基本和AdaGrad是一样的。

所以相较于AdaGrad而言，RMSprop在它的基础上进行改进，优点为：

收敛速度快解决了AdaGrad算法的早停问题：引入了衰减率，不会一直累积梯度平方，而是通过梯度平方的指数衰减移动平均来调整学习率，解决了AdaGrad的早衰问题。

Momentum
Momentum算法在速度上，要明显快于前几个函数，跟Nesterov差不多，但是在方向上，Momentum算法每次都是去错的方向转几次，然后才能修正过来。所以Momentum的优点为：

很快的收敛速度，特别是对于类似鞍点的问题，由于动量维持了运动，能够更有效地收敛至局部最小值或平坦区域。但是方向要相对差些，之前的动量仍然会对下一次的下降造成影响，导致Momentum其实有一点大幅度的“之”字型的轨迹。

Nesterov
Nesterov算法的方向和速度效果都是很好的，速度上，它是最快的；方向上，轨迹正确性要好于Momentum，但是仍然要比AdaGrad、RMSprop要差些。Nesterov是对Momentum进行的改进，不仅仅根据当前梯度调整位置，而是根据当前动量在预期的未来位置计算梯度。它的优点为速度快且轨迹呈现出更加平滑、更有方向性的路径朝向最优点。