华子目录
- 什么是视图?
- 创建视图
- 查询
- 查看创建视图语句
- 查看视图数据
- 修改视图结构
- 方式1
- 方式2
- 删除视图
- 在视图中插入数据
- 视图的==with检查选项==
- 视图的更新
- 视图的作用和优点
- 视图的使用规则
- 案例
什么是视图?
- 视图(view)是一种虚拟存在的表,视图中的数据并不在数据库中实际存在,视图中的数据来自定义视图时select查询的表,并且视图是动态生成的。
- 通俗的讲:视图只保存了select的SQL逻辑,不保存查询结果。所以我们在创建视图时,主要工作就落在创建select查询语句上。
- MySQL 视图是一个虚拟的表,它由一个 SQL 查询定义,并且不存储实际的数据。视图的数据来自于查询执行的结果,并且可以像表一样被查询、更新和删除。视图提供了一种简化复杂查询的方法,并且可以用来限制用户对数据库中特定数据的访问。
- 视图的定义保存在数据字典内,创建视图所基于的表称为“基表”
创建视图
mysql> create [or replace] view 视图名[(字段列表)] as select语句 [with [cascaded/local] check option];
注:视图的字段列表写不写都无所谓
mysql> select * from stu;
+-----+--------+-----+---------+
| id | name | age | classid |
+-----+--------+-----+---------+
| 101 | 小天 | 18 | 1001 |
| 102 | 小明 | 20 | 1003 |
| 103 | 小红 | 13 | 1002 |
+-----+--------+-----+---------+mysql> create or replace view view_stu as select id,name from stu where age>15;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_huazi |
+-----------------+
| account |
| class |
| department |
| employee |
| mytable |
| stu |
| view_employee |
| view_stu |
+-----------------+mysql> select * from view_stu;
+-----+--------+
| id | name |
+-----+--------+
| 101 | 小天 |
| 102 | 小明 |
+-----+--------+
mysql> select * from employee;
+------+-----------+-----------------+--------+-------+--------+
| id | name | job | salary | bonus | job_id |
+------+-----------+-----------------+--------+-------+--------+
| 101 | 麦当 | 后端研发 | 25000 | 5000 | 1003 |
| 102 | 咕咚 | 网络运维 | 15000 | 3000 | 1003 |
| 103 | 迪亚 | 测试工程师 | 12000 | 2000 | 1003 |
| 104 | 米龙 | 后端开发 | 20000 | 3500 | 1003 |
| 105 | 极光 | 前端开发 | 15000 | 2500 | 1003 |
| 106 | 村长 | 人力资源 | 10000 | 500 | 1001 |
| 107 | 五条人 | 销售工程师 | 14000 | 7000 | 1002 |
| 108 | 皇帝 | 董事长 | 30000 | 10000 | 1004 |
+------+-----------+-----------------+--------+-------+--------+mysql> create or replace view view_employee(id,name,salary) as select * from employee where salary>15000;
ERROR 1353 (HY000): In definition of view, derived table or common table expression, SELECT list and column names list have different column counts
#报错原因:视图的字段列表和select的字段列表必须一致,否则就会报错mysql> create or replace view view_employee(id,name,salary) as select id,name,salary from employee where salary>15000;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_huazi |
+-----------------+
| account |
| class |
| department |
| employee |
| mytable |
| stu |
| view_employee |
+-----------------+mysql> select * from view_employee;
+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | salary |
+------+--------+--------+
| 101 | 麦当 | 25000 |
| 104 | 米龙 | 20000 |
| 108 | 皇帝 | 30000 |
+------+--------+--------+
查询
查看创建视图语句
mysql> show create view 视图名\G;
mysql> show create view view_employee;
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| View | Create View| character_set_client | collation_connection |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| view_employee | CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `view_employee` (`id`,`name`,`salary`) AS select `employee`.`id` AS `id`,`employee`.`name` AS `name`,`employee`.`salary` AS `salary` from `employee` where (`employee`.`salary` > 15000) | utf8mb4 | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+mysql> show create view view_employee\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************View: view_employeeCreate View: CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `view_employee` (`id`,`name`,`salary`) AS select `employee`.`id` AS `id`,`employee`.`name` AS `name`,`employee`.`salary` AS `salary` from `employee` where (`employee`.`salary` > 15000)
character_set_client: utf8mb4
collation_connection: utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
查看视图数据
mysql> select * from 视图名;
mysql> select * from view_employee;
+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | salary |
+------+--------+--------+
| 101 | 麦当 | 25000 |
| 104 | 米龙 | 20000 |
| 108 | 皇帝 | 30000 |
+------+--------+--------+
修改视图结构
方式1
mysql> create [or replace] view 视图名[(字段列表)] as select语句 [with [cascaded/local] check option];
mysql> select * from view_employee;
+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | salary |
+------+--------+--------+
| 101 | 麦当 | 25000 |
| 104 | 米龙 | 20000 |
| 108 | 皇帝 | 30000 |
+------+--------+--------+mysql> create or replace view view_employee as select id,name from employee where salary>15000;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from view_employee;
+------+--------+
| id | name |
+------+--------+
| 101 | 麦当 |
| 104 | 米龙 |
| 108 | 皇帝 |
+------+--------+
注:视图的字段列表写不写都无所谓
方式2
mysql> alter view 视图名[(字段列表)] as select语句 [with [cascaded/local] check option];
mysql> select * from stu;
+-----+--------+-----+---------+
| id | name | age | classid |
+-----+--------+-----+---------+
| 101 | 小天 | 18 | 1001 |
| 102 | 小明 | 20 | 1003 |
| 103 | 小红 | 13 | 1002 |
+-----+--------+-----+---------+mysql> select * from view_stu;
+-----+--------+
| id | name |
+-----+--------+
| 101 | 小天 |
| 102 | 小明 |
+-----+--------+mysql> alter view view_stu as select id,name,age from stu where age>15;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)mysql> select * from view_stu;
+-----+--------+-----+
| id | name | age |
+-----+--------+-----+
| 101 | 小天 | 18 |
| 102 | 小明 | 20 |
+-----+--------+-----+
注:视图的字段列表写不写都无所谓
删除视图
mysql> drop view [if exists] 视图名;
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_huazi |
+-----------------+
| account |
| class |
| department |
| employee |
| mytable |
| stu |
| view_employee |
| view_stu |
+-----------------+mysql> drop view if exists view_stu;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_huazi |
+-----------------+
| account |
| class |
| department |
| employee |
| mytable |
| stu |
| view_employee |
+-----------------+
在视图中插入数据
注:在视图中插入数据,都是基于基表的插入条件
mysql> create view view_account as select id,name from account where money>=2000;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_huazi |
+-----------------+
| account |
| class |
| department |
| employee |
| mytable |
| stu |
| view_account |
| view_employee |
+-----------------+mysql> select * from view_account;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 张三 |
| 2 | 李四 |
+----+--------+mysql> insert into view_account values-> (3,'小明');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from view_account;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 张三 |
| 2 | 李四 |
+----+--------+mysql> select * from account;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name | money |
+----+--------+-------+
| 1 | 张三 | 2000 |
| 2 | 李四 | 2000 |
| 3 | 小明 | NULL |
+----+--------+-------+
mysql> select * from account;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name | money |
+----+--------+-------+
| 1 | 张三 | 2000 |
| 2 | 李四 | 2000 |
+----+--------+-------+#将主表中的money字段修改约束条件为not null
mysql> alter table account modify money int not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)mysql> show create table account\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: account
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `account` (`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,`name` varchar(10) NOT NULL,`money` int NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='账户表'mysql> select * from view_account;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 张三 |
| 2 | 李四 |
+----+--------+#插入失败的原因:主表中的money字段是not null
mysql> insert int view_account values-> (3,'小明');
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'int view_account values
(3,'小明')' at line 1
视图的with检查选项
视图的更新
- 要使视图可更新,视图数据的行与基础表中的行之间必须存在一对一的关系。如果视图包含以下任何一项,则该视图不可更新:
视图的作用和优点
作用:
- 控制安全
- 保存查询数据
优点:
- 提供了灵活一致级别安全性。
- 隐藏了数据的复杂性
- 简化了用户的SQL指令
- 通过重命名列,从另一个角度提供数据
视图的使用规则
- 视图必须有唯一命名
- 在mysql中视图的数量没有限制
- 创建视图必须从管理员那里获得必要的权限
- 视图支持嵌套,也就是说可以利用其他视图检索出来的数据创建新的视图
- 在视图中可以使用order by,但是如果视图内已经使用该排序子句,则视图的ORDER BY将覆盖前面的ORDER BY。
- 视图不能索引,也不能关联触发器或默认值
- 视图可以和表同时使用
案例