7.8    图形界面应用案例——关灯游戏

题目：

[案例]游戏初步——关灯游戏。    

关灯游戏是很有意思的益智游戏，玩家通过单击关掉(或打开)一盏灯。如果关(掉（或打开)一个电灯，其周围(上下左右)的电灯也会触及开关，成功地关掉所有电灯即可过关。

图7-43 关灯游戏运行效果
分析:游戏中采用二维列表存储灯的状态，'you'表示电灯亮(黄色的圆)，'wu'表示电灯关掉(背景色的圆)。在Canvas画布单击事件中，获取鼠标单击位置从而换算成棋盘位(x1,y1),并处理四周灯的状态转换。
案例代码:

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
root = Tk()
l= [['wu', 'wu', 'you', 'you', 'you'] ,['wu', 'you', 'wu', 'wu', 'wu'],['wu', 'wu', 'wu', 'wu', 'wu'],['wu', 'wu', 'wu', 'you', 'wu'],['you', 'you', 'you', 'wu', 'wu']]
#绘制灯的状态情况图
def huaqi():for i in range (0,5):for u in range (0,5):if l[i][u]=='you':cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10,u * 40 + 10,(i+1)* 40+10,(u+1)*40 + 10,outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2)#亮灯else:cv.create_oval(i*40 + 10,u*40 +10,(i+1) *40+10,(u+1)*40 + 10,outline='white', fill='white', width=2)	#灭灯
#反转(x1,yl)处灯的状态
def reserve(x1,y1):if l[x1][y1] =='wu':l[x1][y1]='you'else:l[x1][y1] = 'wu'
#单击事件函数
def luozi(event):x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40print(x1, y1)reserve(x1, y1)  # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转if x1 !=0:reserve(x1 - 1, y1)# 右侧灯的状态反转if x1!=4:reserve(x1 + 1, y1)# 上侧灯的状态反转if y1!=0:reserve(x1, y1 - 1)# 下侧灯的状态反转if y1!=4:reserve(x1, y1 + 1)huaqi()
# 主程序
cv = Canvas(root, bg='white', width=210, height=210)
for i in range(0, 6):  # 绘制网格线cv.create_line(10, 10 + 1 * 40,210, 10 + i * 40, arrow = 'none')cv.create_line(10 + i * 40,10,10 + 1 * 40, 210, arrow = 'none' )
huaqi()  # 绘制灯的状态情况图
p = 0
for i in range(0, 5):for u in l[i]:if u == 'wu':p= p + 1
if p == 25:messagebox.showinfo('win', '你过关了')  # 显示赢信息的消息窗口
cv.bind('<Button-1>', luozi)
cv.pack()
root.mainloop ()

这段代码是一个基于Tkinter库的灯泡游戏。游戏界面是一个5x5的网格，每个网格代表一个灯泡。初始状态下，所有的灯泡都是灭的（白色）。玩家的目标是通过点击灯泡，将所有的灯泡都点亮（黄色）。

代码中的主要函数和操作包括：

1. `huaqi()`函数：根据灯泡的状态情况，绘制灯泡的图形。如果灯泡是亮的，则绘制一个黄色的圆形；如果灯泡是灭的，则绘制一个白色的圆形。

2. `reserve(x1, y1)`函数：根据给定的坐标`(x1, y1)`，反转该位置的灯泡的状态。如果灯泡是亮的，则变为灭的；如果灯泡是灭的，则变为亮的。

3. `luozi(event)`函数：处理鼠标点击事件。根据点击的位置，确定对应的灯泡，并进行状态反转。同时，还会反转该灯泡周围的灯泡状态。

4. 主程序部分：创建一个画布（Canvas）对象，并设置背景色为白色。然后，使用循环绘制网格线。接着，调用`huaqi()`函数绘制灯泡的初始状态。最后，绑定鼠标左键点击事件到`luozi()`函数，并将画布显示在窗口中。

在游戏过程中，玩家通过点击灯泡来改变它的状态，并且反转周围灯泡的状态。当所有的灯泡都点亮时，会弹出一个消息窗口显示玩家胜利的信息。

注（Tkinter库）：

Tkinter是Python的标准图形用户界面（GUI）工具包，它提供了创建和管理GUI应用程序所需的组件和功能。Tkinter是基于Tcl/Tk工具包的Python接口，Tcl是一种脚本语言，而Tk是一个用于创建图形用户界面的工具包。

Tkinter库包含了许多常用的GUI组件，比如按钮、标签、文本框、复选框、单选按钮、菜单等，同时也支持布局管理器来帮助开发者设计和布局界面。开发者可以使用Tkinter来创建各种类型的应用程序，从简单的工具到复杂的桌面应用程序都可以使用Tkinter来实现。

Tkinter的优点包括：

1. **易于学习和使用**：Tkinter是Python的标准库，因此无需额外安装即可使用。它的接口简单直观，适合初学者入门。

2. **跨平台性**：Tkinter可以在多个平台上运行，包括Windows、Linux和Mac OS等。

3. **丰富的组件**：Tkinter提供了丰富的GUI组件，可以满足大部分应用程序的需求。

4. **灵活性**：Tkinter支持自定义组件和样式，开发者可以根据自己的需求进行定制。

总之，Tkinter是一个功能强大且易于使用的GUI工具包，适合用于开发Python图形界面应用程序。

扩展题目：

题目要求：

请完成《7.8关灯游戏》（课本p.170），并完成以下扩展内容:

扩展内容：

1. 请设计并实现界面功能，允许玩家选择初始地图的大小，分别为:小(5x5)，中(8x8)，大(12x10)，玩家选择之后立即刷新窗口界面并重设地图

2. 请设计并实现界面功能，允许玩家选择游戏难度，分别为：

容易：一开始有20%的格子状态为翻转状态

中等：一开始有40%的格子状态为翻转状态

困难：一开始有60%的格子状态为翻转状态

3. 游戏开始之前，提示玩家输入唯一的用户名，用于保留该玩家的闯关记录

4. 按照玩家选择的地图大小和难度开始游戏，游戏过程中记录玩家闯关的总时间以及翻转次数（即开关灯的次数）

5. 玩家通关成功后，保存相关信息到数据库，表结构可以自定，但应当至少包含以下信息：

 - 玩家选择的地图大小

 - 玩家选择的难度

 - 玩家通关的日期时间

 - 玩家通关所用的总时间

 - 玩家通关所用的总点击次数

6. 设计窗口界面，显示通关排行榜，具体说明如下：

 - 根据不同地图大小以及不同难度显示各自排名，例如：大地图中等难度与中地图困难难度的排名是分开的

 - 可以选择显示总排名（所有玩家的记录）与个人排名（玩家自己的所有记录）

 - 可以选择根据通关时间排名，以及根据点击次数排名，两个排名都是按从小到大排列

扩展完第一个功能的代码

（1. 请设计并实现界面功能，允许玩家选择初始地图的大小，分别为:小(5x5)，中(8x8)，大(12x10)，玩家选择之后立即刷新窗口界面并重设地图）：

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import randomclass LightsOutGame:def __init__(self, master=None, size=5):self.master = masterself.size = sizeself.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]self.create_widgets()self.random_open_lights()  # 随机打开一些灯def create_widgets(self):self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)self.cv.pack()self.draw_grid()  # 绘制网格self.huaqi()  # 绘制灯的状态情况图self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)def draw_grid(self):self.cv.delete("grid")  # 清除之前的网格for i in range(self.size+1):  # 绘制网格线self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")def huaqi(self):self.cv.delete("lights")  # 清除之前的灯for i in range(self.size):for u in range(self.size):if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights")  # 亮灯else:self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights")  # 灭灯def reserve(self, x1, y1):if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'else:self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'def luozi(self, event):x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40print(x1, y1)self.reserve(x1, y1)  # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转if x1 != 0:self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)# 右侧灯的状态反转if x1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)# 上侧灯的状态反转if y1 != 0:self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)# 下侧灯的状态反转if y1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)self.huaqi()def random_open_lights(self):num_of_lights = random.randint(1, self.size*self.size)  # 随机选择要打开的灯的数量positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights)  # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置for pos in positions:x = pos // self.sizey = pos % self.sizeself.reserve(x, y)def reset_game(size):game.size = sizegame.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)game.draw_grid()game.random_open_lights()game.huaqi()def on_small():reset_game(5)def on_medium():reset_game(8)def on_large():reset_game(12)root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)root.mainloop()

扩展完功能二的代码：

请设计并实现界面功能，允许玩家选择游戏难度，分别为：

容易：一开始有20%的格子状态为翻转状态

中等：一开始有40%的格子状态为翻转状态

困难：一开始有60%的格子状态为翻转状态

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import randomclass LightsOutGame:def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):self.master = masterself.size = sizeself.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]self.create_widgets()self.random_open_lights(difficulty)  # 随机打开一些灯def create_widgets(self):self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)self.cv.pack()self.draw_grid()  # 绘制网格self.huaqi()  # 绘制灯的状态情况图self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)def draw_grid(self):self.cv.delete("grid")  # 清除之前的网格for i in range(self.size+1):  # 绘制网格线self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")def huaqi(self):self.cv.delete("lights")  # 清除之前的灯for i in range(self.size):for u in range(self.size):if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights")  # 亮灯else:self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights")  # 灭灯def reserve(self, x1, y1):if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'else:self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'def luozi(self, event):x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40print(x1, y1)self.reserve(x1, y1)  # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转if x1 != 0:self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)# 右侧灯的状态反转if x1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)# 上侧灯的状态反转if y1 != 0:self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)# 下侧灯的状态反转if y1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)self.huaqi()def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):if difficulty == 'easy':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2)  # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'medium':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4)  # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'hard':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6)  # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights)  # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置for pos in positions:x = pos // self.sizey = pos % self.sizeself.reserve(x, y)def reset_game(size, difficulty):game.size = sizegame.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)game.draw_grid()game.random_open_lights(difficulty)game.huaqi()def on_small():reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get())def on_medium():reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get())def on_large():reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get())root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)root.mainloop()

扩展完功能三的代码：

3. 游戏开始之前，提示玩家输入唯一的用户名，用于保留该玩家的闯关记录

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import randomclass LightsOutGame:def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):self.master = masterself.size = sizeself.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]self.username = None  # 存储玩家的用户名self.create_widgets()self.random_open_lights(difficulty)  # 随机打开一些灯def create_widgets(self):self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)self.cv.pack()self.draw_grid()  # 绘制网格self.huaqi()  # 绘制灯的状态情况图self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")self.username_label.pack()self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)self.username_entry.pack()self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)self.username_button.pack()def set_username(self):self.username = self.username_entry.get()self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮self.username_entry.pack_forget()self.username_button.pack_forget()def draw_grid(self):self.cv.delete("grid")  # 清除之前的网格for i in range(self.size+1):  # 绘制网格线self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")def huaqi(self):self.cv.delete("lights")  # 清除之前的灯for i in range(self.size):for u in range(self.size):if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights")  # 亮灯else:self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights")  # 灭灯def reserve(self, x1, y1):if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'else:self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'def luozi(self, event):x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40print(x1, y1)self.reserve(x1, y1)  # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转if x1 != 0:self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)# 右侧灯的状态反转if x1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)# 上侧灯的状态反转if y1 != 0:self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)# 下侧灯的状态反转if y1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)self.huaqi()def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):if difficulty == 'easy':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2)  # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'medium':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4)  # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'hard':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6)  # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights)  # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置for pos in positions:x = pos // self.sizey = pos % self.sizeself.reserve(x, y)def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):game.username = usernamegame.size = sizegame.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)game.draw_grid()game.random_open_lights(difficulty)game.huaqi()def on_small():reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_medium():reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_large():reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)root.mainloop()

扩展完功能四的代码：

按照玩家选择的地图大小和难度开始游戏，游戏过程中记录玩家闯关的总时间以及翻转次数（即开关灯的次数）

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
import timeclass LightsOutGame:def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):self.master = masterself.size = sizeself.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]self.username = None  # 存储玩家的用户名self.create_widgets()self.random_open_lights(difficulty)  # 随机打开一些灯self.total_time = 0self.flip_count = 0self.start_time = 0def create_widgets(self):self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)self.cv.pack()self.draw_grid()  # 绘制网格self.huaqi()  # 绘制灯的状态情况图self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")self.username_label.pack()self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)self.username_entry.pack()self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)self.username_button.pack()def set_username(self):self.username = self.username_entry.get()self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮self.username_entry.pack_forget()self.username_button.pack_forget()def draw_grid(self):self.cv.delete("grid")  # 清除之前的网格for i in range(self.size+1):  # 绘制网格线self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")def huaqi(self):self.cv.delete("lights")  # 清除之前的灯for i in range(self.size):for u in range(self.size):if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights")  # 亮灯else:self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights")  # 灭灯def reserve(self, x1, y1):if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'else:self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'def luozi(self, event):x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40print(x1, y1)self.reserve(x1, y1)  # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转if x1 != 0:self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)# 右侧灯的状态反转if x1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)# 上侧灯的状态反转if y1 != 0:self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)# 下侧灯的状态反转if y1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)self.huaqi()self.flip_count += 1def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):if difficulty == 'easy':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2)  # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'medium':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4)  # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'hard':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6)  # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights)  # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置for pos in positions:x = pos // self.sizey = pos % self.sizeself.reserve(x, y)def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):game.username = usernamegame.size = sizegame.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)game.draw_grid()game.random_open_lights(difficulty)game.huaqi()game.total_time = 0game.flip_count = 0game.start_time = 0def on_small():reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_medium():reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_large():reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)root.mainloop()

扩展完功能五的代码：

 玩家通关成功后，保存相关信息到数据库，表结构可以自定，但应当至少包含以下信息：

 - 玩家选择的地图大小

 - 玩家选择的难度

 - 玩家通关的日期时间

 - 玩家通关所用的总时间

 - 玩家通关所用的总点击次数

import sqlite3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
from datetime import datetimeclass LightsOutGame:def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):self.master = masterself.size = sizeself.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]self.username = None  # 存储玩家的用户名self.create_widgets()self.random_open_lights(difficulty)  # 随机打开一些灯self.total_time = 0self.flip_count = 0self.start_time = 0# 连接到数据库self.conn = sqlite3.connect('game.db')self.cursor = self.conn.cursor()# 创建表self.cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS game_records (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,map_size INTEGER,difficulty TEXT,completion_time DATETIME,total_clicks INTEGER)''')def create_widgets(self):self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)self.cv.pack()self.draw_grid()  # 绘制网格self.huaqi()  # 绘制灯的状态情况图self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")self.username_label.pack()self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)self.username_entry.pack()self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)self.username_button.pack()def set_username(self):self.username = self.username_entry.get()self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮self.username_entry.pack_forget()self.username_button.pack_forget()def draw_grid(self):self.cv.delete("grid")  # 清除之前的网格for i in range(self.size+1):  # 绘制网格线self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")def huaqi(self):self.cv.delete("lights")  # 清除之前的灯for i in range(self.size):for u in range(self.size):if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights")  # 亮灯else:self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights")  # 灭灯def reserve(self, x1, y1):if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'else:self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'def luozi(self, event):x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40print(x1, y1)self.reserve(x1, y1)  # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转if x1 != 0:self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)# 右侧灯的状态反转if x1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)# 上侧灯的状态反转if y1 != 0:self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)# 下侧灯的状态反转if y1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)self.huaqi()self.flip_count += 1def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):if difficulty == 'easy':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2)  # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'medium':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4)  # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'hard':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6)  # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights)  # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置for pos in positions:x = pos // self.sizey = pos % self.sizeself.reserve(x, y)def save_game_record(self):# 保存通关信息到数据库map_size = self.sizedifficulty = difficulty_var.get()completion_time = datetime.now()total_clicks = self.flip_countself.cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO game_records (map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks)VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)''', (map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks))self.conn.commit()def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):game.username = usernamegame.size = sizegame.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)game.draw_grid()game.random_open_lights(difficulty)game.huaqi()game.total_time = 0game.flip_count = 0game.start_time = 0def on_small():reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_medium():reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_large():reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)save_button = Button(root, text="保存通关信息", command=game.save_game_record)
save_button.pack()root.mainloop()# 关闭数据库连接
game.conn.close()

扩展完功能六的代码：

设计窗口界面，显示通关排行榜，具体说明如下：

 - 根据不同地图大小以及不同难度显示各自排名，例如：大地图中等难度与中地图困难难度的排名是分开的

 - 可以选择显示总排名（所有玩家的记录）与个人排名（玩家自己的所有记录）

 - 可以选择根据通关时间排名，以及根据点击次数排名，两个排名都是按从小到大排列

import sqlite3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
from datetime import datetimeclass LightsOutGame:def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):self.master = masterself.size = sizeself.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]self.username = None  # 存储玩家的用户名self.create_widgets()self.random_open_lights(difficulty)  # 随机打开一些灯self.total_time = 0self.flip_count = 0self.start_time = 0# 连接到数据库self.conn = sqlite3.connect('game.db')self.cursor = self.conn.cursor()# 创建表self.cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS game_records (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,username TEXT,map_size INTEGER,difficulty TEXT,completion_time DATETIME,total_clicks INTEGER)''')def create_widgets(self):self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size * 40 + 10, height=self.size * 40 + 10)self.cv.pack()self.draw_grid()  # 绘制网格self.huaqi()  # 绘制灯的状态情况图self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")self.username_label.pack()self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)self.username_entry.pack()self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)self.username_button.pack()self.show_leaderboard_button = Button(self.master, text="显示排行榜", command=self.show_leaderboard)self.show_leaderboard_button.pack()def set_username(self):self.username = self.username_entry.get()self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮self.username_entry.pack_forget()self.username_button.pack_forget()def draw_grid(self):self.cv.delete("grid")  # 清除之前的网格for i in range(self.size + 1):  # 绘制网格线self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")def huaqi(self):self.cv.delete("lights")  # 清除之前的灯for i in range(self.size):for u in range(self.size):if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights")  # 亮灯else:self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights")  # 灭灯def reserve(self, x1, y1):if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'else:self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'def luozi(self, event):x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40print(x1, y1)self.reserve(x1, y1)  # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转if x1 != 0:self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)# 右侧灯的状态反转if x1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)# 上侧灯的状态反转if y1 != 0:self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)# 下侧灯的状态反转if y1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)self.huaqi()self.flip_count += 1def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):if difficulty == 'easy':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2)  # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'medium':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4)  # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'hard':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6)  # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态positions = random.sample(range(self.size * self.size), num_of_lights)  # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置for pos in positions:x = pos // self.sizey = pos % self.sizeself.reserve(x, y)def save_game_record(self):# 保存通关信息到数据库map_size = self.sizedifficulty = difficulty_var.get()completion_time = datetime.now()total_clicks = self.flip_countself.cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO game_records (username, map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks)VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)''', (self.username, map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks))self.conn.commit()  # 确保数据被写入数据库def show_leaderboard(self):leaderboard_window = Toplevel(self.master)leaderboard_window.title("通关排行榜")leaderboard_frame = Frame(leaderboard_window)leaderboard_frame.pack()map_size = self.sizedifficulty = difficulty_var.get()self.cursor.execute('''SELECT username, completion_time, total_clicks FROM game_recordsWHERE map_size=? AND difficulty=?ORDER BY completion_time, total_clicks''', (map_size, difficulty))records = self.cursor.fetchall()if len(records) == 0:messagebox.showinfo("提示", "暂无记录")else:for i, record in enumerate(records):username_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[0])username_label.grid(row=i, column=0)completion_time_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[1])completion_time_label.grid(row=i, column=1)total_clicks_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[2])total_clicks_label.grid(row=i, column=2)def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):game.username = usernamegame.size = sizegame.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]game.cv.config(width=size * 40 + 10, height=size * 40 + 10)game.draw_grid()game.random_open_lights(difficulty)game.huaqi()game.total_time = 0game.flip_count = 0game.start_time = 0def on_small():reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_medium():reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_large():reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)save_button = Button(root, text="保存通关信息", command=game.save_game_record)
save_button.pack()root.mainloop()# 关闭数据库连接
game.conn.close()

扩展添加了一个查询次数和时间的代码（最终）：

import sqlite3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
from datetime import datetimeclass LightsOutGame:def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):self.master = masterself.size = sizeself.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]self.username = None  # 存储玩家的用户名self.create_widgets()self.random_open_lights(difficulty)  # 随机打开一些灯self.total_time = 0self.flip_count = 0self.start_time = 0# 连接到数据库self.conn = sqlite3.connect('game.db')self.cursor = self.conn.cursor()# 创建表self.cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS game_records (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,username TEXT,map_size INTEGER,difficulty TEXT,completion_time DATETIME,total_clicks INTEGER)''')def create_widgets(self):self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size * 40 + 10, height=self.size * 40 + 10)self.cv.pack()self.draw_grid()  # 绘制网格self.huaqi()  # 绘制灯的状态情况图self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")self.username_label.pack()self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)self.username_entry.pack()self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)self.username_button.pack()self.show_leaderboard_button = Button(self.master, text="显示排行榜", command=self.show_leaderboard)self.show_leaderboard_button.pack()self.stats_button = Button(self.master, text="查询统计", command=self.show_game_stats)self.stats_button.pack()self.stats_label = Label(self.master, text="")self.stats_label.pack()def set_username(self):self.username = self.username_entry.get()self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮self.username_entry.pack_forget()self.username_button.pack_forget()def draw_grid(self):self.cv.delete("grid")  # 清除之前的网格for i in range(self.size + 1):  # 绘制网格线self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")def huaqi(self):self.cv.delete("lights")  # 清除之前的灯for i in range(self.size):for u in range(self.size):if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights")  # 亮灯else:self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights")  # 灭灯def reserve(self, x1, y1):if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'else:self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'def luozi(self, event):x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40print(x1, y1)self.reserve(x1, y1)  # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转if x1 != 0:self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)# 右侧灯的状态反转if x1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)# 上侧灯的状态反转if y1 != 0:self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)# 下侧灯的状态反转if y1 != self.size - 1:self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)self.huaqi()self.flip_count += 1def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):if difficulty == 'easy':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2)  # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'medium':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4)  # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态elif difficulty == 'hard':num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6)  # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态positions = random.sample(range(self.size * self.size), num_of_lights)  # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置for pos in positions:x = pos // self.sizey = pos % self.sizeself.reserve(x, y)def save_game_record(self):# 保存通关信息到数据库map_size = self.sizedifficulty = difficulty_var.get()completion_time = datetime.now()total_clicks = self.flip_countself.cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO game_records (username, map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks)VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)''', (self.username, map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks))self.conn.commit()  # 确保数据被写入数据库def show_leaderboard(self):leaderboard_window = Toplevel(self.master)leaderboard_window.title("通关排行榜")leaderboard_frame = Frame(leaderboard_window)leaderboard_frame.pack()map_size = self.sizedifficulty = difficulty_var.get()self.cursor.execute('''SELECT username, completion_time, total_clicks FROM game_recordsWHERE map_size=? AND difficulty=?ORDER BY completion_time, total_clicks''', (map_size, difficulty))records = self.cursor.fetchall()if len(records) == 0:messagebox.showinfo("提示", "暂无记录")else:for i, record in enumerate(records):username_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[0])username_label.grid(row=i, column=0)completion_time_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[1])completion_time_label.grid(row=i, column=1)total_clicks_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[2])total_clicks_label.grid(row=i, column=2)def get_game_stats(self):self.cursor.execute('''SELECT SUM(completion_time), SUM(total_clicks) FROM game_recordsWHERE username=?''', (self.username,))result = self.cursor.fetchone()return resultdef show_game_stats(self):stats = self.get_game_stats()total_time = stats[0]total_clicks = stats[1]self.stats_label.config(text=f"总时间：{total_time} 秒，翻转次数：{total_clicks} 次")def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):game.username = usernamegame.size = sizegame.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]game.cv.config(width=size * 40 + 10, height=size * 40 + 10)game.draw_grid()game.random_open_lights(difficulty)game.huaqi()game.total_time = 0game.flip_count = 0game.start_time = 0game.stats_label.config(text="")def on_small():reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_medium():reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)def on_large():reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)save_button = Button(root, text="保存通关信息", command=game.save_game_record)
save_button.pack()root.mainloop()# 关闭数据库连接
game.conn.close()

相关问题：

1. 请描述你的系统详细设计（提示：按照需求分析列出概要功能点）

答：系统详细设计：

创建一个名为LightsOutGame的类，用于实现Lights Out游戏的逻辑和界面。

在初始化方法中，设置游戏的大小、难度，并创建一个二维数组来表示灯的状态。

创建游戏界面，包括一个Canvas用于绘制网格和灯的状态，一个Label用于显示用户名，一个Entry和一个Button用于输入和确认用户名，以及一些按钮用于选择游戏难度和操作。

实现灯的状态翻转和绘制网格、灯的方法。

实现随机打开一些灯的方法，根据难度设置打开的灯的数量。

实现保存通关记录到数据库的方法，包括用户名、地图大小、难度、完成时间和翻转次数。

实现显示排行榜和查询统计的方法，从数据库中获取相应的记录并展示在界面上。

实现重置游戏的方法，根据选择的地图大小和难度重新设置游戏参数，并清空灯的状态和统计数据。

创建一个主窗口，并将游戏对象放入其中，启动主循环。

1. 请通过原型图+说明的方式展示你的界面详细设计

答：

界面详细设计：

主界面包括一个Canvas用于绘制网格和灯的状态，一个Label用于显示用户名，一个Entry和一个Button用于输入和确认用户名，以及一些按钮用于选择游戏难度和操作。

用户名输入框和确认按钮位于顶部，用于输入和确认用户名。

网格和灯的状态绘制在Canvas上，根据灯的状态绘制不同的颜色和形状。

游戏难度选择按钮位于中间，用于选择不同的难度。

排行榜和查询统计按钮位于底部，用于显示排行榜和查询统计信息。

1. 请通过ER图+表结构说明的方式展示你的数据库详细设计

答：

数据库详细设计：

创建一个名为game_records的表，用于存储通关记录。

表中包含以下字段：id（主键，自增），username（用户名），map_size（地图大小），difficulty（难度），completion_time（完成时间），total_clicks（翻转次数）。

使用SQLite数据库，通过Python的sqlite3模块连接和操作数据库。

在游戏开始时创建表，如果表已存在则不创建。

在保存通关记录时，将相关信息插入到game_records表中。

在显示排行榜和查询统计时，从game_records表中查询相应的记录，并按照完成时间和翻转次数排序。

请按功能点顺序（1-6）依次展示你的程序运行截图： 答：功能1： 功能2： 功能3： 功能4： 功能5： 功能6：

请讨论说明图形界面设计(GUI)包括哪些重要组成部分？ 答：图形界面设计(GUI)的重要组成部分包括： 窗口：用于承载界面的容器，提供标题栏、边框和关闭按钮等功能。 组件：用于构建界面的可视化元素，如按钮、标签、文本框、下拉框等。 布局管理器：用于控制组件在窗口中的位置和大小，如pack、grid和place等。 事件处理：用于响应用户的操作，如点击按钮、输入文本等，触发相应的事件处理函数。 图形绘制：用于绘制图形元素，如绘制网格、绘制灯的状态等。 2、请讨论说明在本实验中，你应如何使用数据库支撑整个应用程序的正确运行？ 答：在本实验中，数据库用于支持整个应用程序的正确运行，具体包括： 创建数据库表game_records用于存储游戏记录。 在游戏通关时，将通关信息插入到game_records表中。 在显示排行榜时，从game_records表中查询对应难度和地图大小的游戏记录，并在界面上显示。 3、其他关于完成本次实验作业中的心得与讨论 答：本次实验是一个简单的游戏的实现，通过使用Tkinter库构建了一个图形界面，并使用SQLite数据库存储游戏记录。通过这个实验，我学习到了如何使用Tkinter库创建图形界面，以及如何使用SQLite数据库进行数据存储和查询。同时，我也了解到了图形界面设计的重要组成部分和数据库的应用场景。这个实验对于我进一步掌握Python编程和图形界面开发有很大的帮助，也提升了我的数据库操作能力。