Django后台项目开发实战五-编程知识

完成两个功能：

HR 可以维护候选人信息
面试官可以录入面试反馈

第五阶段

创建 interview 应用，实现候选人面试评估表的增删改功能，并且按照页面分组来展示不同的内容，如候选人基础信息，一面，二面的面试结果，HR 的面试结果

我们可以使用 pycharm 上面菜单栏中 Tools 里的 Run manage.py task，这样就不用每次都输入前面的命令了

输入命令 startapp interview

创建完应用后，打开 models.py 文件，开始编写数据建模代码

from django.db import models# 第一论面试结果
FIRST_INTERVIEW_RESULT_TYPE = (('建议复试','建议复试'),('待定','待定'),('放弃','放弃'))# 复试面试建议
INTERVIEW_RESULT_TYPE = (('建议录用','建议录用'),('待定','待定'),('放弃','放弃'))# 候选人学历
DEGREE_TYPE = (('本科','本科'),('硕士','硕士'),('博士','博士'))# HR终面结论
HR_SCORE_TYPE = (('S','S'),('A','A'),('B','B'),('C','C'))class Candidate(models.Model):# 基础信息userid = models.IntegerField(unique=True, blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='应聘者ID')username = models.CharField(max_length=135, verbose_name='姓名')city = models.CharField(max_length=135, verbose_name='城市')phone = models.CharField(max_length=135, verbose_name='手机号码')email = models.EmailField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='邮箱')apply_position = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='应聘职位')born_address = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='生源地')gender = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='性别')candidate_remark = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='候选人信息备注')# 学校与学历信息bachelor_school = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='  本科学校')master_school = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='研究生学校')doctor_school = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='博士生学校')major = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='专业')degree = models.CharField(max_length=135, choices=DEGREE_TYPE, blank=True, verbose_name='学历')# 综合能力测评成绩，笔试测评成绩test_score_of_general_ability = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1,null=True,max_digits=3,blank=True,verbose_name='综合能力测评成绩')paper_score = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=3, blank=True, verbose_name='笔试成绩')# 第一轮面试记录first_score = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=2, blank=True, verbose_name='初始分')first_learning_ability = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=2, blank=True, verbose_name='学习能力得分')first_professional_competency = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=2, blank=True, verbose_name='专业能力得分')first_advantage = models.TextField(max_length=1024, blank=True, verbose_name='优势')first_disadvantage = models.TextField(max_length=1024, blank=True, verbose_name='顾虑和不足')first_result = models.CharField(max_length=256, choices=FIRST_INTERVIEW_RESULT_TYPE, blank=True,verbose_name='初试结果')first_recommend_position = models.CharField(max_length=256, blank=True, verbose_name='推荐部门')first_interviewer = models.CharField(max_length=256, blank=True, verbose_name='初试面试官')first_remark = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='初试备注')# 第二轮面试记录second_score = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=2, blank=True, verbose_name='专业复试得分')second_learning_ability = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=2, blank=True,verbose_name='学习能力得分')second_professional_competency = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=2, blank=True,verbose_name='专业能力得分')second_pursue_of_excellence = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=2, blank=True,verbose_name='追求卓越得分')second_communication_ability = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=2, blank=True,verbose_name='沟通能力得分')second_pressure_score = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1, null=True, max_digits=2, blank=True,verbose_name='抗压能力得分')second_advantage = models.TextField(max_length=1024, blank=True, verbose_name='优势')second_disadvantage = models.TextField(max_length=1024, blank=True, verbose_name='顾虑和不足')second_result = models.CharField(max_length=256, choices=INTERVIEW_RESULT_TYPE, blank=True,verbose_name='专业复试结果')second_recommend_position = models.CharField(max_length=256, blank=True, verbose_name='建议方向或推荐部门')second_interviewer = models.CharField(max_length=256, blank=True, verbose_name='专业复试面试官')second_remark = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='专业复试备注')# HR终面hr_score = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=HR_SCORE_TYPE, blank=True,verbose_name='HR复试综合等级')hr_responsibility = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=HR_SCORE_TYPE, blank=True,verbose_name='HR责任心')hr_communication_ability = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=HR_SCORE_TYPE, blank=True,verbose_name='HR坦诚沟通')hr_logic_ability = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=HR_SCORE_TYPE, blank=True,verbose_name='HR逻辑思维')hr_potential = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=HR_SCORE_TYPE, blank=True,verbose_name='HR发展潜力')hr_stability = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=HR_SCORE_TYPE, blank=True,verbose_name='HR稳定性')hr_advantage = models.TextField(max_length=1024, blank=True, verbose_name='优势')hr_disadvantage = models.TextField(max_length=1024, blank=True, verbose_name='顾虑和不足')hr_result = models.CharField(max_length=256, choices=INTERVIEW_RESULT_TYPE, blank=True,verbose_name='HR面试结果')hr_interviewer = models.CharField(max_length=256, blank=True, verbose_name='HR面试官')hr_remark = models.CharField(max_length=135, blank=True, verbose_name='HR复试备注')creator = models.CharField(max_length=256, blank=True, verbose_name='候选人数据的创建人')created_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name="创建时间")modified_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="更新时间")last_editor = models.CharField(max_length=256, blank=True, verbose_name='最后编辑者')class Meta:db_table = 'candidate'verbose_name = '应聘者'verbose_name_plural = '应聘者'def __str__(self):return self.username

然后在 admin.py 文件注册数据模型，并且展示时隐藏一些字段

from django.contrib import admin
from interview.models import Candidateclass CandidateAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):exclude = ('creator','created_date','modified_date')list_display = ('username','city','bachelor_school','first_score','first_result','first_interviewer','second_result','second_interviewer','hr_score','hr_result','last_editor')admin.site.register(Candidate,CandidateAdmin)

再到 setting.py 文件注册应用

INSTALLED_APPS = ['django.contrib.admin','django.contrib.auth','django.contrib.contenttypes','django.contrib.sessions','django.contrib.messages','django.contrib.staticfiles','jobs','interview'
]

最后执行数据库迁移，还是那两个命令

makemigrations
migrate

效果图如下：

大家看到这个页面其实非常长，因为我们的字段实在是太多了，用起来很复杂，所以面试官也好，还是hr也好，他们其实不太清楚哪些内容是他需要填的，所以我们对这个页面进行优化，把这个页面的内容分组展示

为了方便，我们使用 pycharm 的代码编辑器，新建一个文本文档，把 models.py 里面的字段粘贴过来，然后在这个文件里面去做批量编辑。

首先 ctrl r 来做一个正则表达式的替换，输入 =.*$

然后点击星号匹配，再点击 replace all ，替换掉所有，再删除一些多余的字段

然后再输入一个空格，再点击 replace all ，替换掉所有的空格

然后再输入 ^ 和 '' ，再点击 replace all ，替换开头为 "

然后再输入 $ 和 '' ，再点击 replace all ，替换结尾为 "

然后再输入 $ 和，，再点击 replace all ，替换结尾为，

最后点 edit 这里有个 join line，可以把字段都连起来

再删除一些多余的标点，最后的成果如下

#基础信息,学校与学历信息,综合能力测评成绩,笔试测评成绩,
"userid", "username", "city", "phone", "email", "apply_position", "born_address", "gender", "candidate_remark", "bachelor_school", "master_school", "doctor_school", "major", "degree", "test_score_of_general_ability", "paper_score",#第一轮面试记录,
"first_score", "first_learning_ability", "first_professional_competency", "first_advantage", "first_disadvantage", "first_result", "first_recommend_position", "first_interviewer", "first_remark",#第二轮面试记录,
"second_score", "second_learning_ability", "second_professional_competency", "second_pursue_of_excellence", "second_communication_ability", "second_pressure_score", "second_advantage", "second_disadvantage", "second_result", "second_recommend_position", "second_interviewer", "second_remark",#HR终面,
"hr_score", "hr_responsibility", "hr_communication_ability", "hr_logic_ability", "hr_potential", "hr_stability", "hr_advantage", "hr_disadvantage", "hr_result", "hr_interviewer", "hr_remark",

然后把这些字段添加到 admin.py 文件的函数里，同时在字段之前添加小括号来分小组，让一行可以展示多个数据

class CandidateAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):...fieldsets = ((None,{'fields':("userid",  ("username", "city"), ("phone", "email"), ("apply_position", "born_address"), ("gender", "candidate_remark"), ("bachelor_school", "master_school", "doctor_school"), ("major", "degree"), ("test_score_of_general_ability", "paper_score"))}),('第一轮面试记录', {'fields': (("first_score", "first_learning_ability", "first_professional_competency"), "first_advantage", "first_disadvantage", "first_result", "first_recommend_position", "first_interviewer", "first_remark")}),('第二轮专业复试记录', {'fields': (("second_score", "second_learning_ability", "second_professional_competency"), ("second_pursue_of_excellence", "second_communication_ability", "second_pressure_score"), "second_advantage", "second_disadvantage", "second_result", "second_recommend_position", "second_interviewer", "second_remark")}),('HR复试记录', {'fields': (("hr_score", "hr_responsibility", "hr_communication_ability"), ("hr_logic_ability", "hr_potential", "hr_stability"), "hr_advantage", "hr_disadvantage", "hr_result", "hr_interviewer", "hr_remark")}))

刷新界面，发现已经分好组了。这里我就不截图了，太长。

接下来我们再做进一步优化，一般我们都不会自己去输入候选人的基本信息，而是会拿到候选人的 excel 表，或者 csv 文件，那么如何导入候选人 csv 文件呢？

我们在 interview 应用下创建文件夹目录 management/commands ，创建 import_candidates.py 文件，添加如下代码

import csvfrom django.core.management import BaseCommand
from interview.models import Candidateclass Command(BaseCommand):help = "从csv导入候选人基本信息"def add_arguments(self, parser):parser.add_argument('--path', type=str)def handle(self, *args, **options):path = options['path']#编码格式选择合适的with open(path, 'rt',encoding='gbk') as f:#csv分割符选择合适的，不选默认为','分割#reader = csv.reader(f,dialect='excel',delimiter=';')reader = csv.reader(f, dialect='excel')for row in reader:candidate = Candidate.objects.create(username=row[0],city=row[1],phone=row[2],bachelor_school=row[3],major=row[4],degree=row[5],test_score_of_general_ability=row[6],paper_score=row[7])

展示一下 excel 的内容

然后把 excel 文件导出为 csv 格式文件，并删除第一行，如下图

在 pycharm 的 run manage.py task 输入命令

import_candidates --path C:/Users/ASUS/Desktop/candidates.csv

刷新界面，发现导入成功

这个时候系统里面有很多简历了，成百上千的简历里面要查找特定候选人的简历，或者按照状态来查询待面试，或者已经面试通过的候选人查找的效率比较低，希望能够快速查询跟筛选，接下来我们实现下面的两个功能。

第一个能够按照名字、手机号码学校来查询候选人

第二个能够按照初试的结果，HR 复试的结果面试官来筛选，然后也能够按照复试结果来排序，复试通过的优先排在前面

修改 admin.py 文件为下面的代码

from django.contrib import admin
from interview.models import Candidate
from datetime import datetimeclass CandidateAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):exclude = ('creator','created_date','modified_date')list_display = ('username','city','bachelor_school','first_score','first_result','first_interviewer','second_result','second_interviewer','hr_score','hr_result','last_editor')# 筛选条件list_filter = ('city','first_result','second_result','hr_result','first_interviewer','second_interviewer','hr_interviewer')# 查询字段search_fields = ('username','phone','email','bachelor_school')# 自动排序字段ordering = ('hr_result','second_result','first_result')# 分组展示字段fieldsets = ((None,{'fields':("userid",  ("username", "city"), ("phone", "email"), ("apply_position", "born_address"), ("gender", "candidate_remark"), ("bachelor_school", "master_school", "doctor_school"), ("major", "degree"), ("test_score_of_general_ability", "paper_score"))}),('第一轮面试记录', {'fields': (("first_score", "first_learning_ability", "first_professional_competency"), "first_advantage", "first_disadvantage", "first_result", "first_recommend_position", "first_interviewer", "first_remark")}),('第二轮专业复试记录', {'fields': (("second_score", "second_learning_ability", "second_professional_competency"), ("second_pursue_of_excellence", "second_communication_ability", "second_pressure_score"), "second_advantage", "second_disadvantage", "second_result", "second_recommend_position", "second_interviewer", "second_remark")}),('HR复试记录', {'fields': (("hr_score", "hr_responsibility", "hr_communication_ability"), ("hr_logic_ability", "hr_potential", "hr_stability"), "hr_advantage", "hr_disadvantage", "hr_result", "hr_interviewer", "hr_remark")}))def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):obj.last_editor = request.user.usernameif not obj.creator:obj.creator = request.user.usernameobj.modified_date = datetime.now()obj.save()admin.site.register(Candidate,CandidateAdmin)

效果图：

现在我们再加一个功能，将数据导出为 csv 文件，修改 admin.py 文件如下

from django.contrib import admin
from interview.models import Candidate
from datetime import datetime
from django.http import HttpResponse
import csvexportable_fields = ('username','city',"phone",'bachelor_school','degree','first_result','first_interviewer','second_result','second_interviewer','hr_score','hr_result')def export_model_as_csv(modeladmin,request,queryset):response = HttpResponse(content_type='text/csv')field_list = exportable_fields#可以使用 request 中的 User-Agent 进行客户端系统判断，如果用户的系统是 Windows，那么给导出的文件编码设置为带有 BOM 的 UTF-8，否则使用 UTF-8response.charset = 'utf-8-sig' if "Windows" in request.headers.get('User-Agent') else 'utf-8'#Content-Disposition 响应标头指示回复的内容该以何种形式展示，是以内联的形式（即网页或者页面的一部分），还是以附件的形式下载并保存到本地response['Context-Disposition'] = 'attachment;filename="recruitment-candidates-list-%s.csv"' %(datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S'))# 写入表头print(response['Context-Disposition'])writer = csv.writer(response)writer.writerow([queryset.model._meta.get_field(f).verbose_name.title() for f in field_list])for obj in queryset:# 单行的记录(各个字段的值)，写入csv文件csv_line_values = []for field in field_list:field_object = queryset.model._meta.get_field(field)field_value = field_object.value_from_object(obj)csv_line_values.append(field_value)writer.writerow(csv_line_values)return response#国际化文本
export_model_as_csv.short_description = '导出为CSV文件'class CandidateAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):actions = [export_model_as_csv]exclude = ('creator','created_date','modified_date')list_display = ('username','city','bachelor_school','first_score','first_result','first_interviewer','second_result','second_interviewer','hr_score','hr_result','last_editor')# 筛选条件list_filter = ('city','first_result','second_result','hr_result','first_interviewer','second_interviewer','hr_interviewer')# 查询字段search_fields = ('username','phone','email','bachelor_school')# 自动排序字段ordering = ('hr_result','second_result','first_result')# 分组展示字段fieldsets = ((None,{'fields':("userid",  ("username", "city"), ("phone", "email"), ("apply_position", "born_address"), ("gender", "candidate_remark"), ("bachelor_school", "master_school", "doctor_school"), ("major", "degree"), ("test_score_of_general_ability", "paper_score"))}),('第一轮面试记录', {'fields': (("first_score", "first_learning_ability", "first_professional_competency"), "first_advantage", "first_disadvantage", "first_result", "first_recommend_position", "first_interviewer", "first_remark")}),('第二轮专业复试记录', {'fields': (("second_score", "second_learning_ability", "second_professional_competency"), ("second_pursue_of_excellence", "second_communication_ability", "second_pressure_score"), "second_advantage", "second_disadvantage", "second_result", "second_recommend_position", "second_interviewer", "second_remark")}),('HR复试记录', {'fields': (("hr_score", "hr_responsibility", "hr_communication_ability"), ("hr_logic_ability", "hr_potential", "hr_stability"), "hr_advantage", "hr_disadvantage", "hr_result", "hr_interviewer", "hr_remark")}))def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):obj.last_editor = request.user.usernameif not obj.creator:obj.creator = request.user.usernameobj.modified_date = datetime.now()obj.save()admin.site.register(Candidate,CandidateAdmin)

效果图：