本文将介绍Rust语言使用Actix-web和SeaORM库，数据库使用PostgreSQL，开发增删改查项目，同时可以通过Swagger UI查看接口文档和查看标准Rust文档
开始项目
首先创建新项目，名称为rusty_crab_api
cargo new rusty_crab_api
Cargo.toml
[dependencies]
sea-orm = { version = "1.0.0-rc.5", features = [ "sqlx-postgres", "runtime-tokio-native-tls", "macros" ] }
tokio = { version = "1.35.1", features = ["full"] }
chrono = "0.4.33"
actix-web = "4.4.0"
serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
utoipa = { version = "4", features = ["actix_extras"] }
utoipa-swagger-ui = { version = "4", features = ["actix-web"] }
serde_json = "1.0"
使用SeaORM作为ORM工具，它提供了sea-orm-cli工具，方便生成entity
PostgreSQL创建数据库
CREATE TABLE "user" (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,username VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,birthday TIMESTAMP,sex VARCHAR(10),address VARCHAR(256)
);COMMENT ON COLUMN "user".username IS '用户名称';
COMMENT ON COLUMN "user".birthday IS '生日';
COMMENT ON COLUMN "user".sex IS '性别';
COMMENT ON COLUMN "user".address IS '地址';
安装sea-orm-cli
cargo install sea-orm-cli
生成entity
sea-orm-cli generate entity -u postgres://[用户名]:[密码]@[IP]:[PORT]/[数据库] -o src/entity
自动帮我们生成src./entity/user.rs文件
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[sea_orm(table_name = "user")]
pub struct Model {#[sea_orm(primary_key)]pub id: i32,pub username: String,pub birthday: Option<DateTime>,pub sex: Option<String>,pub address: Option<String>,
}#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, EnumIter, DeriveRelation)]
pub enum Relation {}impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
接下来编写接口函数，新建src/handlers/user.rs，编写用户表的增删改查代码，同时在代码文件中编写说明文档，提供给Rust标准文档和Swagger UI使用
/// 表示创建新用户的请求体结构
#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, ToSchema)]
#[schema(example = json!({"username": "johndoe","birthday": "2023-09-09T15:53:00","sex": "male","address": "123 Main St, Anytown, USA"
}))]
pub struct CreateUser {/// 用户名 pub username: String,/// 生日（可选）#[schema(value_type = String)]pub birthday: Option<DateTime>,/// 性别（可选）pub sex: Option<String>,/// 地址（可选）pub address: Option<String>,
}
/// 创建新用户
///
/// # 请求体
///
/// 需要一个JSON对象，包含以下字段：
/// - `username`: 字符串，用户名（必填）
/// - `birthday`: ISO 8601格式的日期时间字符串，用户生日（可选）
/// - `sex`: 字符串，用户性别（可选）
/// - `address`: 字符串，用户地址（可选）
///
/// # 响应
///
/// - 成功：返回状态码200和新创建的用户JSON对象
/// - 失败：返回状态码500
///
/// # 示例
///
/// ```
/// POST /users
/// Content-Type: application/json
///
/// {
/// "username": "johndoe",
/// "birthday": "1990-01-01T00:00:00",
/// "sex": "M",
/// "address": "123 Main St, Anytown, USA"
/// }
/// ```
#[utoipa::path(post,path = "/api/users",request_body = CreateUser,responses((status = 200, description = "User created successfully", body = Model),(status = 500, description = "Internal server error"))
)]
pub async fn create_user(db: web::Data<sea_orm::DatabaseConnection>,user_data: web::Json<CreateUser>,
) -> impl Responder {let user = UserActiveModel {username: Set(user_data.username.clone()),birthday: Set(user_data.birthday),sex: Set(user_data.sex.clone()),address: Set(user_data.address.clone()),..Default::default()};let result = user.insert(db.get_ref()).await;match result {Ok(user) => HttpResponse::Ok().json(user),Err(_) => HttpResponse::InternalServerError().finish(),}
}
/// 获取指定ID的用户信息
///
/// # 路径参数
///
/// - `id`: 整数，用户ID
///
/// # 响应
///
/// - 成功：返回状态码200和用户JSON对象
/// - 未找到：返回状态码404
/// - 失败：返回状态码500
///
/// # 示例
///
/// ```
/// GET /users/1
/// ```
#[utoipa::path(get,path = "/api/users/{id}",responses((status = 200, description = "User found", body = Model),(status = 404, description = "User not found"),(status = 500, description = "Internal server error")),params(("id" = i32, Path, description = "User ID"))
)]
pub async fn get_user(db: web::Data<sea_orm::DatabaseConnection>,id: web::Path<i32>,
) -> impl Responder {let user = user::Entity::find_by_id(*id).one(db.get_ref()).await;println!("{id}");match user {Ok(Some(user)) => HttpResponse::Ok().json(user),Ok(None) => HttpResponse::NotFound().finish(),Err(_) => HttpResponse::InternalServerError().finish(),}
}
/// 更新指定ID的用户信息
///
/// # 路径参数
///
/// - `id`: 整数，用户ID
///
/// # 请求体
///
/// 需要一个JSON对象，包含以下字段（所有字段都是可选的）：
/// - `username`: 字符串，新的用户名
/// - `birthday`: ISO 8601格式的日期时间字符串，新的用户生日
/// - `sex`: 字符串，新的用户性别
/// - `address`: 字符串，新的用户地址
///
/// # 响应
///
/// - 成功：返回状态码200和更新后的用户JSON对象
/// - 未找到：返回状态码404
/// - 失败：返回状态码500
///
/// # 示例
///
/// ```
/// PUT /users/1
/// Content-Type: application/json
///
/// {
/// "username": "johndoe_updated",
/// "address": "456 Elm St, Newtown, USA"
/// }
/// ```
#[utoipa::path(put,path = "/api/users/{id}",request_body = CreateUser,responses((status = 200, description = "User updated successfully", body = Model),(status = 404, description = "User not found"),(status = 500, description = "Internal server error")),params(("id" = i32, Path, description = "User ID"))
)]
pub async fn update_user(db: web::Data<sea_orm::DatabaseConnection>,id: web::Path<i32>,user_data: web::Json<CreateUser>,
) -> impl Responder {let user = user::Entity::find_by_id(*id).one(db.get_ref()).await;match user {Ok(Some(user)) => {let mut user: UserActiveModel = user.into();user.username = Set(user_data.username.clone());user.birthday = Set(user_data.birthday);user.sex = Set(user_data.sex.clone());user.address = Set(user_data.address.clone());let result = user.update(db.get_ref()).await;match result {Ok(updated_user) => HttpResponse::Ok().json(updated_user),Err(_) => HttpResponse::InternalServerError().finish(),}}Ok(None) => HttpResponse::NotFound().finish(),Err(_) => HttpResponse::InternalServerError().finish(),}
}
/// 删除指定ID的用户
///
/// # 路径参数
///
/// - `id`: 整数，用户ID
///
/// # 响应
///
/// - 成功：返回状态码204（无内容）
/// - 失败：返回状态码500
///
/// # 示例
///
/// ```
/// DELETE /users/1
/// ```
#[utoipa::path(delete,path = "/api/users/{id}",responses((status = 204, description = "User deleted successfully"),(status = 500, description = "Internal server error")),params(("id" = i32, Path, description = "User ID"))
)]
pub async fn delete_user(db: web::Data<sea_orm::DatabaseConnection>,id: web::Path<i32>,
) -> impl Responder {let result = user::Entity::delete_by_id(*id).exec(db.get_ref()).await;match result {Ok(_) => HttpResponse::NoContent().finish(),Err(_) => HttpResponse::InternalServerError().finish(),}
}
为了使用Swagger UI查看接口文档，还需要创建src/api_doc.rs文件
#[derive(OpenApi)]
#[openapi(paths(handlers::user::create_user,handlers::user::get_user,handlers::user::update_user,handlers::user::delete_user),components(schemas(Model,CreateUser)),tags((name = "users", description = "User management API"))
)]
pub struct ApiDoc;
在src/main.rs文件定义路由和配置Swagger UI
#[actix_web::main]
async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {let db: DatabaseConnection = db::establish_connection().await;let db_data = web::Data::new(db);HttpServer::new(move || {App::new().app_data(db_data.clone()).service(web::scope("/api").service(web::scope("/users").route("", web::post().to(create_user)).route("/{id}", web::get().to(get_user)).route("/{id}", web::put().to(update_user)).route("/{id}", web::delete().to(delete_user)).route("/test", web::get().to(|| async { "Hello, World!" })))).service(SwaggerUi::new("/swagger-ui/{_:.*}").url("/api-docs/openapi.json", ApiDoc::openapi()))}).bind("127.0.0.1:8080")?.run().await
}
到这里，项目完成开发，启动项目
cargo run
查看Swagger UI接口文档
浏览器打开http://localhost:8080/swagger-ui/
可以看到我们在Rust代码文件中的注释说明，这对于接口使用人员和代码维护人员都非常友好，当然对于接口的简单测试，在这个页面也是非常方便去进行
查看Rust标准文档
cargo doc --open
最后
项目的完整代码可以查看我的仓库：https://github.com/VinciYan/rusty_crab_api.git
后续，我还会介绍如何使用Rust语言Web开发框架Salvo和SeaORM结合开发WebAPI
